Compare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles Free Essays

Choice B : Compare and difference the characters of Hector and Achilles. I decide to thoroughly analyze the characters of Hector and Achilles since I am keen on their story. I think there are many subject in this story, however the focal topic is the destiny of men; on the off chance that it is ? xed or changed by the desire of men. We will compose a custom article test on Look into of Hector and Achilles or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now I feel fascinating that the divine beings chooses the destiny of individuals. Also, I pick this choice since I feel that I can comprehend what the writer needs to communicate to the perusers by contrasting Hector and Achilles. Along these lines, I will look at the qualities and the shortcoming of both saints. Above all else, I will expound on Hector. He was a Trojan sovereign and the best ? ghter for Troy in the Trojan War. He was conceived as a child of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. His dad was the lord of Troy. He had a spouse called Andromache and the child, Astyanax. In the European Middle Ages, Hector was one of the Nine Worthies. What's more, he was a decent child, spouse and father. The vast majority of all, he cherished the harmony. He adored his nation, his kin, his family and needed to pass on with respect. At the point when he understood that Jove and his child Apollo are not with him for the assurance any longer against Achilles, he says to himself â€Å" My fate has happened upon me; let me not them bite the dust shamefully and without a battle, yet let me ? rst do some incredible thing that will be told among men from this point forward. †. The divine beings chose not to secure him. That was the motivation behind why Hector lost, however he needed to ? ght against the solid Achilles. Thusly, I think Hector was the genuine trooper. I need to expound on Achilles now. He was a legend and most prominent warrior for Greek in the Trojan War. He was the child of the goddess Thetis and Peleus, the ruler of the Myrmidons. Achilles was a human individual despite the fact that he was the child of a goddess. What's more, he had the incredible pride that he was the most grounded warrior, and he would not like to be under anyone. At the point when the Agamemnon disrespected him, Achilles asked his goddess mother to go to Jove, at that point to request that Jove help Troy, so Agamemnon would be in a difficult situation. Hence, Achilles didn't consider his nation and his kin. He just consider himself. So I think Achilles isn't the individual to be the lord. Presently I need to investigate their quality and the shortcoming. In the first place, I need to expound on Hector’s quality. He was daring and valiant. He was the man who contemplated his family, adored his family and thought his nation and individuals. He needed to bite the dust with respect. He went to Paris since he didn't remain to hear terrible things about Paris and stated, â€Å"you ? ght boldly, and no man with any equity can downplay your doings in fight. In any case, you are reckless and unyieldingly neglectful. It laments me to the heart to hear the evil that the Trojans talk about you, for they have endured much for you. Leave us alone going, and we will make things right in the future, should Jove vouchsafe us to set the cup of our redemption before ever-living lords of paradise in our own homes, when we have pursued the Achaeans from Troy. † From this discussion, you can see that Hector contemplates his sibling, ponders the individuals of Troy, and is eager to push his sibling to ? ght with respect. At the point when he battled with Achilles, Hector got away to ? ght him ? rst in light of the fact that he feared Achilles. Notwithstanding, when he understood that the divine beings were not with him to ? ht Achilles, he chose to ? ght with respect until he kicked the bucket. In this way, I think one about his quality is his fearless heart. Be that as it may, Paris didn't have the valiant heart. Next, I need to expound on Achilles’s quality. I figure Achilles didn't have numerous quality. I think the physical force from his goddess mother was the main quality he had. Indeed, even the rule r Agamemnon dreaded his quality. Hector was the best fighter in Troy, however even that most noteworthy trooper flee from Achilles when Hector was remaining before the entryway of Troy. It says â€Å" Fear fell upon Hector as he observed him, and he challenged not remain longer where he was yet ? ed with consternation from before the doors, which Achilles shot after him at his most extreme speed. †. At that point when Hector ? nally chose to ? ght with Achilles, Achilles murdered him without any problem. In this way, I think Achilles was the most grounded worrier on earth. Next, I need to expound on Hector’s shortcoming. I couldn't ? nd numerous shortcoming of Hector, be that as it may, the main shortcoming I could ? nd was that Hector didn't have the foggiest idea how solid he was. He imagined that he could ? ht with Achilles, however when he met Achilles, he flee. He flee in light of the fact that he ? nally understood that he was not as solid as Achilles when he met the adversary at the door. I think it is past the point of no return for him to understood that. Due to this shortcoming, he kicked the bucket. In this way, Hector didn't have numerous s hortcoming, however the main shortcoming he had decimated him. Next is the shortcoming of Achilles. I think Achilles had numerous shortcoming despite the fact that he was the best warrior on earth. I think Achilles was solid truly, however he was feeble intellectually. At the point when Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles, Achilles went to the ocean and appealed to his mom, for example, â€Å" Mother, you bore me destined to live yet for a little season; unquestionably Jove, who roars from Olympus, may have made that little magnificent. It isn't so. Agamemnon, child of Atreus, has done me shame, and has denied me of my prize forcibly. †. He cried when he was stating it. This dislike the best warrior, yet rather a little child’s doing. He jumped at the chance to ? ght and jumped at the chance to slaughter individuals. He was truly adept at slaughtering individuals, however he didn't have any regard to his lord, his nation and his kin. At the point when he murdered Hector, he accomplished something truly offensive. Achilles rewarded the group of Hector with contumely. He penetrated the ligaments at the rear of the two his feet from impact point to ancle and passed straps of bull cover up through the cuts he had made. He made the body quick to his chariot, letting the head trail upon the ground. At that point Achilles lashed his pony on, and the residue rose from Hector as he was being hauled along. In this way was the head of Hector being disrespected in the residue. This isn't something what the best warrior does. Again Achilles turned out to be passionate to such an extent that he acted like a youngster. In this manner, I believe that Achilles isn't an individual to be an incredible ruler. On the off chance that he becomes to be a lord, his nation and individuals will be decimated. I would prefer not to live in his nation. I think he has the outrageous character. He was a supermen genuinely, yet he was a little child intellectually. As the finish of the correlation among Hector and Achilles, Hector is more brave than Achilles. I imagine that the saint is an individual who think about his nation and his kin. In the wake of looking at the characters of Hector and Achilles, the individual who thinks about his nation and his kin is Hector. Hector consistently ponders his nation, his kin and his family. He adores his dad, his mom, his siblings, his significant other and his youngster. At the point when Hector kicked the bucket, Paris’s spouse, Helen, cried and stated, â€Å" I have never heard single word of affront or harshness from you. †. Helen was the individual who was the reason for this war. I think it is dif? religion to be benevolent to Helen, yet Hector was pleasant to her. That implies Hector’s heart was so profound. What's more, I figure Hector will be the best lord. I love to live in his nation. Instructions to refer to Compare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles, Papers

The Civil War And Its Ending Of Slavery :: Slavery Essays

The Civil War and Its Ending of Slavery This paper is about the common war and about how it finished bondage with the liberation proclomation. I will likewise talk abou the physical loses of the war. The South, overwhelmingly horticultural, created money yields such ascotton, tobacco and sugarcane for fare toward the North or to Europe, however it relied upon the North for produces and for the monetary and business administrations basic to exchange. Slaves were the biggest single interest in the South, and the dread of slave agitation guaranteed the steadfastness of nonslaveholders to the monetary what's more, social framework. To keep up harmony between the Southern and Northern supporters in the Vote based and Whig parties, political pioneers attempted to keep away from the servitude question. Be that as it may, with developing restriction in the North to the expansion of servitude into the new regions, avoidance of the issue turned out to be progressively troublesome. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 incidentally settled the issue by building up the 36â ° 30' equal as the line isolating free and slave an area in the Louisiana Purchase. Strife continued, be that as it may, when the United States limits were stretched out westbound to the Pacific. The Compromise Measures of 1850 gave for the affirmation of California as a free state and the association of two new territoriesâ€Utah and New Mexicoâ€from the equalization of the land gained in the Mexican War. The rule of well known power would be applied there, allowing the regional councils to choose the status of servitude when they applied for statehood. Notwithstanding the Compromise of 1850, clash continued. The South had gotten a minority area, and its pioneers saw the activities of the U.S. Congress, over which they had lost control, with developing concern. The Northeast requested for its mechanical development a defensive tax, government sponsorships for delivery and inside upgrades, and a sound banking and money framework. The Northwest sought Congress with the expectation of complimentary residences and government help for its streets and conduits. The South, be that as it may, viewed such measures as prejudicial, preferring Northern business interests, and it found the ascent of abolitionist disturbance in the North unbearable. Many free states, for instance, passed individual freedom laws with an end goal to disappoint implementation of the Fugitive Slave Act . The expanding recurrence with which "free soilers," legislators who contended that no more slave states ought to be admitted to the Union, won elective office in the North likewise stressed Southerners. The issue of subjection extension emitted again in 1854, when Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois pushed through Congress a bill setting up two new regions - Kansas and Nebraska - and applying to both the rule of well known power. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, by voiding the Missouri Compromise, delivered an influx of dissent in the North,

Do you build Bridge or Fence

Do you build Bridge or Fence Once upon a time two brothers, who lived on adjoining farms, fell into conflict. It was the first serious rift in 40 years of farming side by side, sharing machinery, and trading labor and goods as needed without a conflict.Then the long collaboration fell apart. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major difference, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.One morning there was a knock on the older brothers door. He opened it to find a man with a carpenter’s tool box. “I’m looking for a few days’ work.” he said. “Perhaps you would have a few small jobs here and there I could help with?”“Yes.” said the older brother. “I do have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. That’s my neighbor; in fact, it’s my younger brother. Last week there was a meadow between us and he took his bulldozer to the river levee and now there is a creek between us. Well, he may have done this to spite me, b ut I’ll do him one better.”“See that pile of lumber by the barn? I want you to build me a fence â€"an 8-foot fence â€" so I won’t need to see his place or his face anymore.”The carpenter said, “I think I understand the situation. Show me the nails and the post-hole digger and I’ll be able to do a job that pleases you.”The older brother had to go to town, so he helped the carpenter get the materials ready and then he was off for the day.The carpenter worked hard all that day measuring, sawing, nailing. About sunset when the farmer returned, the carpenter had just finished his job.The farmer’s eyes opened wide, his jaw dropped. There was no fence there at all. It was a bridge â€" a bridge stretching from one side of the creek to the other! A fine piece of work, handrails and all â€" and the neighbor, his younger brother, was coming toward them, his arms outstretched â€"  â€œYou are quite a fellow to build this bridge after all I’ve said and done.”The two brothers stood at each end of the bridge, and then they met in the middle, taking each other’s hand.They turned to see the carpenter hoist his toolbox onto his shoulder.“No, wait! Stay a few days. I’ve a lot of other projects for you,” said the older brother.“I’d love to stay on,” the carpenter said, but I have many more bridges to build.Author Unknown

Analysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello - 950 Words

D?Antonio 1 Mandi D?Antonio Ms. Boyle English 10 Seminar January 7, 2016 To a Discerning Eye One characteristic often associated with insane behavior is madness. On the other hand, novelist and playwrights usually see madness with a discerning eye and see madness covering a deeper characteristic in a person. Iago appears to demonstrate insane, mad behavior, but a discerning eye reveals otherwise. Iago?s manipulation over people leads to the death of Roderigo, Desdemona, and Othello. In Othello, by William Shakespeare, Iago?s jealousy over not being lieutenant is mistaken for madness and portrayed through irrational behavior. Firstly, Iago poisoned Roderigo?s thoughts to try and win Desdemona over, which in the end brings him to his untimely death. Iago provokes Roderigo to sell all his things and give his money for Iago to hold, to win over Desdemona when it is time to: I could never better Stead thee than now. Put money in thy purse. [?] Put money in thy purse. These Moors Are changeable in their wills-fill thy purse with Money. [?] Therefore, put money in thy purse. [?] Make all the money thou canst. If Sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring Barbarian and super subtle Venetian be not too hard For my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy Her. Therefore, make money. (I.iii.334-354). Iago convinces Roderigo that his money can buy Desdemona and to put his money in Iago?s hands and follow Desdemona. Iago turns Roderigo?s virtue into vice andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Othello s Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pages Racist Ideology As Seen In Othello As a writer, William Shakespeare possessed an uncanny ability to address topics that were, for the most part, unnoticed in society. Every one of his characters feels realistic because they are so complex and based on psychological motivations. 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Georgia State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the Georgia State Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the following questions on lined paper in complete sentences. State Capital What is the capital?State Flag What is in the circle of stars?State Flower Who approved the state flower in 1916?State Crop Georgia produces what percentage of the nations supply?State Fruit This fruit gives the state its nickname - what is it?State Bird What is the state bird? Coloring PageState Marine Mammal How long does this mammal grow?State Fish What is the state fish?State Tree What is the state tree?State Insect How does this insect help Georgias economy?State Butterfly What is the coloring of this butterfly?State Vegetable What is unique about this vegetable?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Seal What do the three pillars stand for? Coloring PageState Motto What is the state motto? Georgia Printable Pages - Learn more about Georgia with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Georgia Word Search - Find the Georgia State Symbols. Did You Know... List two interesting facts. Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia - Most people have heard of the seven wonders of the world. Not as many have heard of the seven natural wonders in the state of Georgia. The Childrens Museum of Atlanta - Take a virtual tour. From Zoo Atlanta: The Animals; Panda Mask; Meerkat Maze Georgia History 101 - An overview of Georgia history. The King Center - Learn all about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory - Meet the reptiles and amphibians that call the Savannah River region their home. Georgia Flag Printout - Learn about Georgias new flag. Georgia Map/Quiz Printout - Can you answer the questions about Georgia? Odd Georgia Law: No one may carry an ice cream cone in their back pocket if it is Sunday. Related Resources: More State StudiesGeorgia History and Activity BooksHands-on GeographyHands-on Geography Activity Books Additional Resource: Introducing the email course Our 50 Great States! From Delaware to Hawaii, learn about all 50 states in the order they were admitted to the Union. At the end of 25 weeks (2 states per week), youll have a United States Notebook filled with information about each state; and, if youre up the the challenge, you will try recipes from all 50 states. Will you join me on the journey?

Aqa Psya3 Interventions for Addiction Notes Free Essays

Interventions for addiction (Key: – = negative criticism/limitations + = positive criticism/support Biological interventions Methadone for heroin: Heroin addicts are given Methadone, which gives similar effects but is less addictive. Their dose is slowly increased to build up tolerance, then slowly decreased to wean the addict of it until the addict need neither substance. Some people just switch from being heroin addicts to Meth addicts – Statistics show more than 300 methadone related deaths in the UK in 2007 – Methadone consumption is often unsupervised, which has created a black market, where addicts can sell their doses for only ? 2 Potential drug treatments for gambling: not approved in the UK yet, but there is evidence that SSRI’s (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors which increase serotonin= good mood) or Naltrexone (a dopamine receptor antagonist, which reduces the reward of gambling by reducing dopamine) may be effective. We will write a custom essay sample on Aqa Psya3 Interventions for Addiction Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hollander found that gamblers treated with SSRI’s showed improvements compared to a control group – BUT Hollander’s study only had 10 participants; a larger, longer study by Blanco et al (32 gamblers over 6 months) showed SSRI was no more effective than a placebo + Kim and Grant showed that naltrexone led to decrease in gambling thoughts and behaviours after 6 weeks of treatment – Intervention bias of doctors: Cohen and Cohen suggest that clinicians don’t believe addictions are too difficult to treat, because they only come across them when the addiction is too advanced to respond to treatment Psychological interventions: Reinforcement: Sindelar did a study with addicts on methadone therapy (+ counselling). One group was rewarded every time they tested negative for drugs. By the end, the reward group had 60% more negative urine tests than the control (who weren’t offered rewards). + Sindelar showed it to be effective at reducing the addictive behaviour – BUT Reinforcement doesn’t address the underlying problems that caused the addiction in the first place, so as soon as the rewards are removed, addicts may just go back to engaging in the same, or another addictive behaviour again (eg an alcoholic may go back to alcohol, or develop an new addiction for sex). The rewards would have to be paid for by the NHS, which is a public service funded by taxes. The general public wouldn’t want their taxes being spent on giving addicts rewards CBT: CBT helps people change the way they think about their addiction and learn ways of coping effectively. (eg. in gambling addiction, the addict has a cognitive error in believing they can influence the outcome of the game, CBT would correct this wrong thinking by showing them that the belief is irrational) + Effective: Ladoceur et al randomly allocated 66 pathological gamblers to either a CBT group or waiting list. At the end, 86% of the treatment group were no longer classed as pathological gamblers, and had increased self-efficacy. + ALSO Sylvian et al looked at treatments that targeted both cognition and behaviour. Pathological gamblers were given cognitive therapy, social skills training and relapse prevention, resulting in improvements which were maintained at a 1yr follow-up. Research has tended to show that no psychological treatment to be superior, but that they are most effective when combined with pharmacological treatments. Public health interventions The NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Study: US government sponsored interventions such as the NIDA Collaborative Cocaine Treatment (CCT) study are designed to intervene in the cycle of drug-related personal and social problems. + The NIDA intervention led to a reduction in cocaine use, and subsequent reductions in related behaviours (eg. unprotected sex, which led to a reduction in HIV transmission) Telephone smoking ‘Quitline’: Stead et al found that smokers who received repeated Quitline counselling telephone calls were 50% more likely to quit than a control who only received brief counselling. Has real-world applications: Military personnel deployed overseas often take up, or increase smoking habits. Beckham et al found that combining Quitline services with nicotine replacement therapy was highly effective in treating US military veterans. Prevention of youth gambling: Messerlian et al proposed a prevention model based on research into teenage pathological gambling using denormalisation, protection, prevention and harm reduction principles. (eg. programme based on prevention would include early identification of ‘at risk’ youths, and attempt to avert them from escalating towards pathological gambling. + Public health intervention in gambling is proactive and addresses a potentially devastating social issue. Research shows that problem gambling as a teen can lead to subsequently adverse outcomes, (eg. strained relationships, criminal behaviour, depression and even suicide) so early prevention is essential. (Derevensky and Gupta) How to cite Aqa Psya3 Interventions for Addiction Notes, Papers

Public Auditing For Secure Cloud Storage †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Public Auditing For Secure Cloud Storage? Answer: Introduction: The accounting from Miller Yates and Howarth is responsible for preparing adit plan of GPSA. GPSA is one of the long standing and significant client of accounting firm that is engaged in research and development of medical equipments, acquisition of property and manufacturing and distribution of medical equipment. Auditors are concerned about specific areas and they are placing great re4laonce on internal control system of business. The internal control system would be reviewed and they have been pursuing new internal control manual (Eilifsen et al., 2013). Extensive work faced by organisation would be reduced by placing reliance on internal control. Discussion: The five types of accounts where auditors have expressed their concern are current investment, account receivable, property investment, research and development capitalization and intangible assets. It is perceived by them that these accounts would pose risks while carrying out audit (Brusca et al., 2016). Analysis New internal control manual has brought changes in the system of trade receivable account, as the trade receivable clerk is responsible for handling all the transactions relating to sales. All entries made in the computer system would be made by him and he would be responsible for reconciliation of debtor account into general ledger (Hayes et al., 2013). Some of the current investment is made in research and development activities relating to development of new laser surgery device. For financing of such investments, GPSA has borrowed a loan of amount $ 5 million from banks. However, organization is required to maintain debt equity ratio and d 1.2:1 and an increase in ratio would make them repay the amount of loan borrowed. Furthermore, investment made in property market, their return is also uncertain because of decline, and they are susceptible about the investment. Audit risk While conducting audit, auditors faces several risks associated with accounts that is regarded as one of the relevant part of conducting audit. Performance risk analysis would help auditors in prioritizing, identifying and evaluating risks while management of all accounts. When clerk records looking at trade receivable account, values of data relating to transactions and it is certain that there is possibility of manipulating data or conducting certain errors. Sales director is involved in looking at information technology function that is not considered as full time job by management. There is lack of duties segregation that might impose possible risks on carrying out audit. Due to decline in property market, investment made in such areas might lead to inflating the value of their investments (Beasley, 2015). Steps taken for reducing GPSA audit risk: Audit plan should be conducted by complying with the requirements of International standards. Some of the steps that would help in reducing audit risks are as follows: Management and several reporting authority within organization should be integrated with inspection and observation process. Identification and assessing risks associated with normal course of transaction and account receivable. Performing analytical procedures for recognizing probable relationship between several accounts. Tool of ratio analysis can be used for evaluating the business risk and auditors would be able to obtain significant audit evidence by analysing ratios over several year. Ratios have been calculated for analysing the efficiency, profitability, liquidity and solvency position of organization. Ratio 2017 (Unaudited) 2016 (Audited) 2015 (Audited) Return on equity % 7.19 18.61 22.17 Return on total assets % 4.86 13.7 15.52 Gross margin % 31.76 30.00 24.94 Net profit margin% 10.38 20.27 17.85 Times interest earned 1.90 3.51 4.10 Days in inventory 166.53 127.89 115.85 Days in accounts receivable 83.07 60.65 53.24 Current ratio : 1 1.80 1.54 1.66 Quick asset ratio : 1 0.89 0.78 0.82 Debt to equity ratio : 1 1.11 1.02 1.04 Debt to equity ratio has increased considerably increased in year 2017 to 1.11 as compared to 1.02 and 1.04 in year 2016 and 2015 respectively. Return on equity has declined significantly to 7.19 in year 2017 as against 18.61 and 22.17 in year 2016 and 2015. This depicts that efficiency of organization has reduced in generating return to shareholders and they are increasingly depending on loans for financing their capital requirements. Days in inventory and days in account receivable has increased considerably for consecutive years. This is indicative of the fact inventories are talking time to be converted into sales and accounts receivable are being collected frequently (Louwers et al., 2016). Current ratio has also increased to 1.80 in year 2017 compared to 1.54 in year 2015 indicating improved liquidity position of GPSA. Internal control system of GPSA is so designed that helps in obtaining reasonable assurance for achieving the objective of business, improving the financial reporting reliability and making operations efficient. Effective control- It is required by GPSA to refine the internal control system as they have not been change for years and no internal audit function exists. Data regarding the several business transactions should be recorded and documented. After the manual delivery of products has been done, it is the responsibility of dispatch department to raise the orders for sales. Proper procedures are adopted for follow up of procedures of trade receivables (Louwers et al., 2016). Some relevant aspects examine procedures of internal control system of organization are done by auditors. Risk alleviated- Adopting the effective internal control system will help in alleviating the risks associated with several accounts. Trace receivable accounts are exposed to several risks of data manipulation and improper recording and reconciliation of accounts. While preparing debtors list and sales orders, there is a high chance that some error can arise while recording. If GPSA has such internal control system that are properly designed for dealing with such tasks, risk arising from account management would be reduced. Coordination among several departments such as operations, finance and sales department would be enhanced by implementing effective system of internal control (William et al., 2016). Test of control- Authorization In order to make system of internal control effective, proper authority should control operations department. This will enable auditors to grasp proper, appropriate and reliable information from departments. Organizational control For the trade receivable account and sales system, written procedures for accounting needs to be adopted by employees. Segregation of duties Different staff members should be involved in looking after the information technology functions and sales department. Moreover, two separate employees should do sales invoices and recording of data. Posting of invoices and customer receivable two different members of sales team should do accounts maintenance (Stojanovic Andric, 2016). Physical control Invoices are created by using the computer system that involves manual recording of data. in this regard, adequate control should be exercised over such system. Accounting and arithmetic Proper recording of accounting transactions should be done by incorporating se of numbers. This is done by numbering the invoices generated and prompt recording the same. Identification of internal control weakness of GPSA regarding trade receivables and sales system are as follows: GPSA lacks internal control function that leads to arising of weakness by accounts department in recording transactions of sales. This leads to arsing of possibility of inaccurate and improper recording of details sales transactions. Targeted monthly volume of sales and deviation or variation in the overhead of departmental budget forms the basis of bonuses received by sales staff management and sales team. In the event of any non-completed transactions and not meeting the desired target, risks of not making bonus payment would arise (Cannon Bedard, 2016). In order to facilitate the internal control check, calculation of bonus amount should be separated from sales made by sales department. Trade receivable clerk is responsible for recording all the aspects of trade receivable accounts and invoice generation. He should not be integral for managing and recording of all such transactions. It is also responsible to enhance the volume of sales. This might lead to evolving of conflict with the maximization of sales volume and risks minimization. Conclusion: GPSA intends to create new internal control manual for facilitating the internal control system, as it needs to manage the diversified range of activities. It can be observed from the above analysis of several aspects of the system; there exist some risks that needs to be evaluated by auditors for planning audit. The new internal control system would help in alleviating some risks that might arise while managing accounts. However, weakness have also been identified in the system that can be managed by making the internal control effective. Auditors would adopt test of control for dealing with the identified audit risks attributable from managing the specific accounts discussed. References: Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S., Hogan, C. E. (2016). Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. Beasley, M. S. (2015). Auditing cases: An interactive learning approach. Prentice Hall. Bik, O., Hooghiemstra, R., Bishop, C. C., DeZoort, F. T., Hermanson, D. R., OfficersJudgments, F., ... Glover, S. M. (2017). Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory A Publication of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association. Brusca, I., Caperchione, E., Cohen, S., Rossi, F. M. (Eds.). (2016). Public sector accounting and auditing in Europe: The challenge of harmonization. Springer. Cannon, N. H., Bedard, J. C. (2016). Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field. The Accounting Review, 92(4), 81-114. DeFond, M., Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), 275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013). Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Gaynor, L. M., Hackenbrack, K., Lisic, L., Wu, Y. J. (2014). The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association is pleased to provide comments on the PCAOB Rulemaking Docket Matter No. 029; PCAOB Release No. 2031-009: Proposed Rule on Improving the Transparency of Audit: Proposed Amendments to PCAOB Auditing Standards to Provide Disclosure in the Auditors Report of Certain Participants in the Audit. Gendron, Y., Power, M. K. (2015). Research forum on qualitative research in auditing. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(2), 1-2. Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F., Messier, W. F. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach 10th. Hayes, R., Wallage, P., Gortemaker, H. (2014). Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016). Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2015). Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Stojanovic, T., Andric, M. (2016). Internal Auditing and Risk Management in Corporations. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, 21(3), 31-42. Wang, C., Chow, S. S., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage. IEEE transactions on computers, 62(2), 362-375. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education

Accounting Term Paper The Most Effective Writing Strategies

Accounting Term Paper The Most Effective Writing Strategies Written assignments such as essays, term papers, research papers or reports are an essential part of accounting classes because they teach students presentation skills that are critical for success in their professional career. Lots of great ideas fail in the business world just because they are poorly presented. So when you are given a task to write a term paper in accounting, you should treat it as a very important business presentation and just imagine that your job depends on your doing it the proper way. You should do your best to express your ideas effectively. Academic writing and business writing are not easy and requires a lot of reading and thinking so to help you get started, we offer you a complete guide to writing a term paper in accounting where we are going to discuss different aspects of the writing process and give you advice on how to choose a good topic for your accounting term paper, write an outline, what to include in different parts of your term paper, and how to revise and edit your content. What Is an Accounting Term Paper? The purpose of writing a term paper in accounting is to communicate important information to the readers. It may be reporting research findings, arguing a certain issue, proposing a research, reviewing literature, solving a problem or defending a position. The process of writing an accounting term paper, just like any other academic paper, involves certain stages that you should follow in your writing. But you should keep in mind that the actual writing process can be often messy and recursive so you should use this article as a flexible accounting term paper writing guide. Step 1. Clarify Your Assignment and Choose a Topic If the topic for your term paper was given by your instructor, you should read it carefully to understand what your assignment is. Your assignment question is most likely to set out what type of information you should include in your term paper and what steps you should follow to complete your task. For example, you may be required to analyze some process, to comment, to evaluate, to make recommendations, to identify some issue, etc. If your instructor has not specified what format you should follow, for example, APA, MLA or Chicago, ask him/her about it. Your instructor may have some specific requirements that you have to follow when formatting your paper. If you are responsible for choosing a topic for your accounting term paper, you should select a topic that you are interested in, taking into account the amount of time you have to write your term paper, its length, and available resources. You should also avoid controversial or sensational topics that are not scholarly. You have to narrow your topic to a manageable size and pose it as a problem to be solved or as a research question to be answered. If you have no idea what to write about, you may choose one of the topics from our list. Accounting Term Paper Topics A Company’s Cost Volume Profit Analysis 2017-2018 Budget Research Key Financial Accounting Concepts Advantages and Disadvantages of Accounting Convergence Income Taxes in the USA Accounting Fraud Risks Impact of Accounting Information on the Decision-Making Process Creating a Bankruptcy Plan Debt Financing Role of Accounting in Innovation Management Step 2. Do Research and Document Sources First, think about the general outline of your research. Use brainstorming techniques and make a list of subtopics and keywords that will help you organize your research and stay focused on your topic. A good research is a foundation of your accounting term paper so you should use a broad variety of the most credible and most up-to-date expert resources. You should gather information from databases, libraries, scholarly journal articles, scientific books, online sources, government publications, newspapers, and newsmagazines. While reading, you should make notes and keep track of all your sources. Make sure that you write the whole reference so that you can use it for your reference list or bibliography and citations or if you need to double-check the information. Organize your data and group it into categories that are variations of some sort of outline – you can write a working outline, make a mind map, arrange group notes on a large table, use file cards or combine these techniques. Your point is to organize your information and identify connections among the categories to determine the structure of your future term paper. Step 3. Prepare an Outline and the First Draft Write your thesis statement or statement of purpose and make a final outline that will help you stay on the track when you start writing. An outline is necessary to set out your accounting term paper structure and guarantee that your paper is complete and logical and covers all the relevant information and key arguments. Your outline must reflect how you are going to develop your argument so you should specify every step from your introduction to conclusion. Your term paper should include the following sections. The title should be informative and concise and include keywords of your topic. The abstract should explain your objectives, significance of your paper and your approach to the problem, and summarize your findings. Your abstract should be about 200 words or even less and it is usually written when the rest of a paper is completed. The introduction should provide background information, give definitions of key terms and concepts, explain your specific purpose and organizational plan. If the explanation of the context in your introduction is too long, you should include a separate section that can be called Context/Background/Key Terms. If you need to provide an overview of the existing research on your subject, you can include a separate section called Literature Review. The body of your accounting term paper should present your ideas in a logical, systematic and concise manner. If your paper is long, you should divide your body into sections using headings and subheadings to help your reader see the organizational structure. You should support your argument with relevant evidence and integrate your sources into your discussion. When necessary, provide statistical data, figures, tables, and diagrams with legends. Your task is not just to report the information that you have found in your sources but summarize, explain, analyze, and evaluate it. The conclusion should present a summary of your ideas and suggest some directions for further research, and recommendations. Your recommendations can be written in plain text or presented as â€Å"bulleted† information. You can also explain the significance of your term paper. The references should list sources that you cited in your accounting term paper in an alphabetical order in a proper format specified by your instructor. When writing your first draft, you should keep in mind that it will be revised so there is no need to worry about spelling or focus on punctuation. Write your thoughts freely. At this stage of the writing process, you should focus on the content of your term paper, following your outline and developing your ideas, and use information from your notes. You should use categorized research notes to develop your argument and support the points that you want to make. Include quotations and examples to support your explanation, discussion, argument, and comparison. You should avoid self-editing at this step. Use transition words to link sentences, paragraphs, and sections. You can use single words such as however, but, similarly, phrases or clauses. To make your links more explicit, you might even require using whole sentences. And if your term paper is based on an extensive research, you should use headings and subheadings to make transitions. When you have finished your rough draft, put it away out of sight before you start revising it and making improvements. Step 4. Points to Consider During the Writing and Editing Process When we speak about a well-written paper, we mean that it has to communicate your ideas because if it fails to do it, then it doesn’t matter how profound your research was. In this case, your writing will have no impact on your readers. So the clarity of your term paper is extremely important. How can you achieve that? There are three things that make good writing: effort, style considerations, and technical matters. Write Multiple Drafts Writing drafts and polishing them takes time and efforts and you can never complete a good paper if try to do it on the night before it is due. You should write multiple drafts. Complete your first draft, make it smooth, and put it aside for some days so that you can look at it with a fresh perspective, as objectively as you can. Then reread your draft and improve it. You can repeat this process with your third and subsequent drafts. You will be surprised how many ways you can find to improve what you have written. A good idea is to find a second set of eyes so you may ask someone else to read your accounting term paper, for example, your family member, your friend or classmate or hire a professional editor. Fresh readers can help you notice technical errors and inconsistencies in your argument and organization. Improve Your Style You should also take care of your style: Use active tense and action verbs that generate more interest. Take care of your sentence structure and avoid long and complex sentences. Instead, use simple, short sentences which are more powerful. Watch your paragraphs length. Don’t write making too long paragraphs of over one-page length. Such paragraphs may have more than one idea or redundant statements. You should rewrite them and delete unnecessary text or make additional paragraphs for separate ideas. On the other hand, you cannot write in paragraphs that have only one sentence. Each paragraph should include one topic sentence and a few sentences that develop that sentence or support it with evidence. Always use transitions between your paragraphs because they smooth the reading process and help readers get from one idea to the next one. Use such words and phrases like however, as a result, nevertheless, still, on the other hand, etc. Avoid vague expressions and emotion-laden words. Use words with specific and clear meaning and try to avoid clichà ©s. Remember that the purpose of your accounting term paper is the content. The style can help convey your ideas but it should not distract your reader from the content. Consider Technical Issues You should take care of the technical issues and make sure that your term paper is free of some common mistakes. Check your spelling. You may try to use a technique of professional proofreaders who often read a manuscript backward to check the spelling. Use a good dictionary and spell check software. Be careful of verb tenses and keep them consistent within your paragraphs. Avoid sentence fragments. Make sure that every sentence you write has a subject and a verb. Avoid split infinitives when â€Å"to† and the verb are separated by an adverb. Don’t end sentences with prepositions because that indicates the poor sentence structure. Always make sure that the subjects and the verbs in your sentences agree. Step 5. Revising Your Final Draft When revising your draft, you should check your accounting term paper at every organizational level. First, you should check the overall organization and improve logic and flow. Review the introduction and the conclusion to check their logical flow and effectiveness and review the body to make sure that the discussion is coherent. You should also check your term paper against the outline and verify the logical order of your paragraphs and your ideas. Then you should check the structure and logic within your paragraphs. Make sure that each paragraph has a topic sentence and includes details to support generalizations. Check transitions within and between paragraphs. Check every sentence and improve structure, word choice and fix grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes. Your revision may require many readings and each of them may have its specific purpose. At the final stage, when proofreading your accounting term paper, you should also check your documentation and the consistent use of one citation system that was specified by your instructor. Cite all the material that is not considered common knowledge to give credit to the primary sources of information. Check the accuracy of the references list at the end of your term paper. 2 Technical Accounting Term Paper Writing Tips from Our Writing Gurus: Always have a copy of your paper. You will then be able to add it to your graduation portfolio, reference them or highlight the impressive grades. Make sure to save changes in your accounting term paper every 5-10 minutes. This way you will not lose the valuable information.

How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay Example

How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay Example How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay PredictionI predict that as the temperature of the oil increases the viscosity will increase. This means that the ball bearing will drop down quicker as the oil is heated. I think this because when the oil is heated the molecules will vibrate because they are given energy by the heat. This causes the molecules to move apart leaving gaps in between which the ball bearing will be able to move through easily.MethodTake a glass tube and hold it in a clamp stand. Mark up to where you want to put the oil. Fill up to the mark with C6 oil at room temperature. Then drop a ball bearing from the rim of the glass tube. Make sure you start the watch at the exact same time as you drop the ball bearing. Stop the watch as soon as the ball bearing touches the bottom of the tube and put the time of this in the results table. Do this three times and take the average.Repeat these steps for C8, C10, C12 and C16 oils at room temperature. Put the jars of oil into a beaker of water and use a Bunsen burner t o heat it. Try and prevent the water going over the top of the jars of oil, as the water may go into the oils and this would affect the results. When the oil is heated to the required temperature repeat what you did for the oils at room temperature. The oils should be heated to 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C then 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, then 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, then 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and finally 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.ApparatusClamp, Clamp stand, Glass tube, Ball bearing, Bunsen burner, Tripod, Gauze, Water, 250ml beaker, Stopwatch, Thermometer, C6, C8, C10, C12, and C16 oils.DiagramPreliminary DiagramPreliminary WorkMy preliminary work helped me significantly to write my plan. Through trying to carry out some practice tests, I found that it was hard and not particularly accurate if I just picked up the ball bearing and dropped it from a little bit above the tube because then my results will be inaccurate. This is why I decided to drop the ball bearing from the rim of the glass tube. This meant it would always be t he same force being put on the ball bearing. My preliminary work has also helped me to determine what the angle the tube should be at. The reason I chose to have the tube at 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to the tabletop was that at 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the ball bearing fell much too fast making it difficult to measure the time. However at 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to the table the ball bearing didnt move at all, thats why I chose a position between the two. This meant it would move down fairly quickly but not too fast as that we couldnt time it.Here are some of our resultsTube angled at Tube angled at Tube angled at90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1st time recorded 0.35 secs N/A* 1.96 secs2nd time recorded 0.39 secs N/A* 1.92 secsVariable FactorsOne of many variable factors would be the gradient of the tube. This must be kept at the same angle 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. An easy way to do this is to leave the clamp alone and only open and close the claw part of the clamp. Another factor is the temperature of the oil s. To do this you must measure the oils temperature and make sure that you measure the oil, not just the water they are being heated in. The height of which the ball bearing is dropped should be kept the same so that it doesnt gather more momentum before it hits the oil. That is why it must be dropped from the same height; I chose the rim because then I know it will always be the same. The ball bearing you use must be the same because then the resistance of the ball bearing will be the same.Accurate ResultsTo ensure that I get accurate results I will try and keep the entire variable factors the same all the way through the experiment. If I do this then it will not only make sure that my results will be accurate but it will make sure that the only thing I will be experimenting is the viscosity of the oils and how temperature affects it. I will not be testing anything else.Range of ResultsI want to take 5 times from each of the oils at each temperature. If I do this then I will be abl e to take an average score. This is a good thing because it means that if I mess up one of the drops then it wont matter as much because I will take an average of the 5 times.I will set out my table like this:E.g. Oil C6OilRoom temperature35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CC61st Time2nd Time3rd Time4th TimeAverageResultsOilRoom temperature35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CC61st Time1.151.181.030.720.752nd Time1.151.060.930.810.833rd Time1.251.081.091.010.94th Time1.181.190.960.970.815th Time1.251.140.870.970.82Average1.1961.130.9760.8960.822C81st Time1.591.391.10.990.82nd Time1.711.311.211.080.933rd Time1.611.491.11.10.944th Time1.811.511.121.230.985th Time1.541.561.151.090.89Average1.6521.4521.1361.0980.908C101st Time2.141.861.441.611.042nd Time2.171.881.551.140.973rd Time2.131.841.51.161.014th Time1.192.011.491.121.015th Time2.321.991.541.150.98Average1.991.9161.5041.2361.002C121st Time2.71.921.571.1612nd Time2.672.181.661.251.053rd Time2.672.011.631.150.974th Time2.811.961.641.151.025th Time2.691.951.621.291.1Average2.7082.0041.6241.21.028C161st Time4.813.362.772.491.812nd Time4.713.362.792.221.563rd Time4.923.562.682.431.644th Time4.753.523.142.311.575th Time4.93.613.082.421.74Average4.8183.4822.8922.3741.664AnalysisFrom my table and graph I can see that

Analyze the Market efficiency of Dubai Stock Exchange Thesis Proposal

Analyze the Market efficiency of Dubai Stock Exchange - Thesis Proposal Example The purpose of the study is to analyse the Market efficiency of Dubai Financial Market (DFM). The thesis will be based around Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) of Fama 1970. The term market efficiency is itself derived from the concept of Fama in 1970 which was then formalized and operationalized. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) describes an efficient market as an entity where fresh statistics or facts are instantly mirrored in the correct format and value in its current security price (Lim, 2009). However the efficiency of financial markets has always been a debatable question which has also been examined empirically by Fama in the form of information sets accessible to the market and then classified Efficient Market Hypothesis into weak-format, semi-strong format and strong-format. It has to be kept in mind that the market efficiency does not really mean that the price of the market should be equal to the market value. It means that that the over-valued stocks and under-valued stocks should be deviated with randomness without incorporation of any kind of biasedness in it. Another implication of the efficient market analysis phenomenon is that the prices of the stock should be of some random walk and all the additional price changes in the near and far future should be only for practical purposes involved and incorporated in it (Abdmoulah, 2010). As the theory of time related with market efficiency came into existence UAE started to flourish. In past 30 years, UAE has exceptionally transformed its market and the growth rates have been tremendously making UAE the most sought out market after Gulf countries. With this transformation into the economic world, UAE started structuring financial markets like Dubai Financial Market (DFM) and Abu Dhabi Securities Market (ADSM) in the year 2000. Since their establishment the ADSM has grown by an estimated 343% while DFM (Dubai Financial Market) has increased by an astonishing

Wireless technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless technology - Coursework Example Compared to the positive impacts, negative impacts of wireless technology on the environment are dependent on prolonged exposure linked to long-term use in moving people and goods, offering public services, powering the future, and nourishing people. In addition, wireless technology has made way into home, workplaces, and schools increasing concerns over the impacts on the environment in all these areas. This section focuses on both the negative and positive impacts that wireless technology has on the environment. The areas of study include hazards to humans, resources depletion, inventions’ discovery, and impact on wildlife, pollution of air and water, and short-lived and long-lived waste disposal impacts. Other areas of study include endangering of species, spotted owl and deforestation, and positive impacts like the case of Alaskan pipeline. In terms of public health, mobile phones and other wireless telecommunication devices involve information transmission using radio waves. Radio frequency waves are non-ionizing and this implies that they are not as strong to affect the atomic structures that they contact (U.S environmental Protection Agency, 2014). This is to say that RF waves neither break any chemical bond within human body nor cause any human atom to charge negatively or positively. Radio frequency waves linked to wireless technology arise from fixed network of antennas or base stations, industrial sources like cell towers, personal and domestic appliances, commercial surveillance systems, WLAN, WiFi, and WiMAX networks. According to Sage & Carpenter (2009), RF waves form the main element of wireless communications and have the capacity to increase the information volume transferred with time. As a result, multiple frequency bands are in use for wireless communication. However, RF is electromagnetic fields and

Anaesthesia and Associated Infection: An Unrecognized Source

Anaesthesia and Associated Infection: An Unrecognized Source Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are preventable diseases and place anenomrous socio-economic burden on economy. It is well established that intensive care units (ICU) are epicenters of cross infections and bacterial resistance, but a little is known about the role of anaesthesia atmosphere in this process. Intraoperative environment due to several reasons serves as risk factor for HAIs. [1-3] Immune suppression associated with general anaesthesia, aerosolized particles and healthcare tools used within the anaesthesia workstation area, may also be linked with development of HAIs [4]. There is high probability of patient contamination during the practice of anaesthesia due to rapid patient care combined with frequent contact with potential sources of bacterial transmission. HAIs are more common in countries with poor socioeconomic status where disposable or single use only items are re-used many times. Hospital acquired infections caused by various infectious organisms including ba cteria, virus, fungi and parasites, all of which flourish on suitable reservoirs, such as medical equipment. Precautions are recommended for all patients regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infectious status when there is a possibility of contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin and mucus membranes. Preventive measures should be based on the likelihood of an infectious agent being present, the nature of the agent and possibility of dispersion. A standard set of precautions should be established for every invasive procedure with additional risk assessment of each patient. FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR CROSS INFECTION Intravascular catheter Stopcocks used for injection of medication, administration of intravenous (IV) infusions, and collection of blood samples represent a potential portal of entry for microorganism into vascular access catheters. Stopcocks should be capped when not being used. â€Å"Piggyback† systems (a side port on a primary infusion set) are used as an alternative to stopcocks but also have risk of infection. Modified piggyback systems have the potential to prevent contamination at these sites. Use of needleless connectors or mechanical valves appears to be effective in reducing connector colonization as compared with standard stopcocks. To reduce intravascular catheter related infection change needleless components of catheter at least every 72 hour, minimize leaks and breaks in the system, scrubbing the access port with an appropriate antiseptic and accessing the port only with sterile devices. Contamination of drugs Drugs and fluids need safe handling by anaesthesiologist and should follow protocols for preparation and administration to prevent contamination. Infusion setswith side port (preferably needle-free Luer injection devices)for drug administration and self-collapsible intravenous fluid bags, so no need of air venting which prevent entry of air born infectious particles into fluids. Connection and injection ports in intravenous lines should be kept least.Prepared syringes and needles should be kept in a clean sterile container and capped. Care must be taken when drawing drugs. Single used ampules should be discarded after required amount of drug is drawn up and not re-used for next patients. Syringes and needles must not be used for multiple patients once connected to a patient’s vascular lines or infusions. Injection port kept free of blood and covered with a cap when not in use. After use all syringes and needles should be discarded into an approved sharp container. Unsafe use and disposal of sharps Inadvertent injury or inoculation with infected blood is an occupational hazard and present a significant risk to anaesthesiologist. These are mainly caused by needles during venipuncture, drug administration and during recapping of needles. These should be prevented by adhering to guidelines and standards regarding this. Sharps must not be transferred between personnel and handling should be kept minimum. Needle must not be bent or broken prior to use or disposal. Movement within the theater complex Restricted movement in and out of operating theater reduces airborne contamination. Door should be closed and eatable items should not be allowed inside O.T complex. Patient’s dress should be changed before transferring to O.T complex. Visitors should change into theater suits and wear designated footwear. Order of patients Patients likely to disperse microbes and at risk to others should be scheduled last in the operating list. In between successive patients, transmissions of infection are airborne or on surfaces and object that have been contact with patients. Cleaning of the operating theater between all patients should be undertaken. When there is visible contamination with blood or others body materials, the area must be disinfected according to local protocols and then cleaned with detergent and water. Floors of the operating room should be disinfected at end of each session. Anesthetic equipment Either by direct contact with patients or indirectly via splashing, by secretion or from handling anaesthetics equipment may become contaminated. All used equipment’s or its parts must be assumed to be contaminated and disposed of or, if reusable, undergo a process of decontamination. Areas of anaesthetics machine and monitoring equipment which are touched by gloved hand that has been in contact with blood or secretion, should be regarded as contaminated and should be cleaned as early as possible. Equipment that touches intact skin or not touches the patient at all but visibly contaminated is cleaned at the end of day or whenever visibly contaminated. This includes non-invasive blood pressure cuffs and tubing, pulse oximeter probes and cables, stethoscopes, electrocardiographic cablesetc. Oxygen mask and tubing should be single-patient use products. If reused it must be cleaned and sterilized if possible or according to manufacturer’s instructions. Anaesthetic face masks are usually in contact with intact skin; these are frequently contaminated by secretions from patients and have been implicated in causing cross infection.[5]Airways and tubes readily contaminated with transmissible organism and blood and should be single-use type.[6, 7] Supra-glottic airways commonly used are re-usable design; therefore they should be sterilized but no more often than the manufacturer recommends. A supraglottic airway used for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy should not be used again (due to risk of Prion Disease). Laryngoscope blades are regularly contaminated with blood due to penetration of mucous membranes, which places these items into a high–risk category.[8] Decontamination and disinfection between patients are ineffective, leaving residual contamination that has been implicated as source of cross infection.[9, 10] So proper cleaning of laryngoscope blades is important before decontamination /sterilization particularly around light sources or articulated section. ForAnaesthetic machinesManufacturers cleaning and maintenance policesshould be followed, and bellows, unidirectional valves and carbon dioxide absorbers should be cleaned and disinfected periodically. Bacterial/viral filter is used between patient and circuit to prevent air born transmission of microorganism. Surfaces of anaesthesia machines should be cleaned on daily basis with an appropriate disinfectant.Anaesthesia breathing system actsas important reservoir for microorganism if used for longer period or used without filter. It is recommended that an appropriate filter should be placed between the patient and breathing system for each new patient. It is claimed that hydrophobic filters have better performance than most electrostatic filters, the clinical relevance yet to be established. [11, 12] Departments may follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for use but if visibly contaminated or used for highly infectious case, the circuit should be changed between patients and safely discarded. Bougies re-use has been associated with cross infection.[13]Gum elastic bougie may be disinfected up to five times or according to manufacturer recommendation and stored in a sealed packet. Preferably single-use intubation aids are employed when possible. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATION OF REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA Infectious complication of regional anaesthesia includes abscess formation, necrotizing fasciitis, meningitis, arachnoiditis which can lead to paralysis and death. The rate of spinal- epidural abscess or meningitis occurrence has been reported to be 1:10000 to 1:40000.[14, 15]Potential routes might be contaminated syringes, catheter hubs, local anaesthetics or breaches in aseptic technique.The suggested mechanism of hematogenous infection of central nervous system caused by subarachnoid or epidural puncture might be an accidental vessel puncture lead to introduction of blood into the intrathecal space. Staphylococcus aureus is the organism most commonly associated epidural abscess and often this infection occurred in patient with impaired immunity. Meningitis follows dural puncture is typically caused by alpha-hemolytic streptococci, with the source of organism the nasopharynx of the anaesthesiologist. [14] WHAT IS THENEED? Anesthesiologist’s are insensitive regarding prevention of infection in anaesthesia atmosphere in many institution of our country. Excessive movement in Operation Theater complex, drug bags or edible items in operative room and poor compliance with cap and mask by anaesthesiologist are also contributing factors. Equipment’s are used repeatedly without cleaning/sterilization e.g. Face mask, ventilator circuit, bougie, tubes etc. Stress should be given on preventive medicine in medical and nursing curriculum. Irrespective of specialty infection prevention should be a part of the teaching curriculum. Hospital must dedicate time to re-educating and re-training their staff in infection prevention. Various studies shows that, in spite of increase in knowledge scores regarding infection prevention, doctors were least compliant of the HCW in infection control practices. [16, 17] Early detection with surveillance and screening are the important step in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. Prevention of cross infection is by isolating the affected patients, educating the public/ healthcare professionals, appropriate use of antibiotics, meticuloushand hygiene and appropriate cleaning and decontamination of the environment and medical equipment Three main techniques are important to prevent infection transmission from provider to the patients. These include aseptic practice, proper hand hygiene, and appropriate barrier techniques are recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References Madar R, Novakova E, Baska T. The role of non-critical health-care tools on the transmission of nosocomial infection. Bratisl Lek Listy 2005;106:348-50. Maslyk PA, Nafziger DA, Burns SM, Bowers PR. Microbial growth on anaesthesia machine. AANA J 2002; 70:53-6. Lessard MR, Trepanier CA, Gourdeau M, Denault PH. A microbiological study of contamination of the syringes used in anaesthesia practice. Can J Anaesth 1988;35:567-9. Hajjar J, Girard R. Surveillance of nosocomial infections related to anaesthesia. A multicenter study. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2000,19:47-53 MacCallum FO, Noble WC. Disinfection of anaesthetic face masks. Anaesthesia 1960; 15: 307. Miller DH, Youkhana I, KarunaratneWU,Pearce A. Presence of protein deposits on cleaned re-usable anaesthetic equipment. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 1069–72. Chrisco JA, Devane G. A descriptive study of blood in the mouth following routine oral endotracheal intubation. Journal of American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1992;60:379-83. Phillips RA, Monaghan WP. Incidence of visible and occult blood on laryngoscope blades and handles. Journal of American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1997;65:241-6. Ballin MS, McCluskey A, Maxwell S, Spilsbury S. Contamination of laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia 1999;54:1115-6. Esler MD, Baines LC, Wilkinson DJ, Langford RM. Decontamination of laryngoscopes: a survey of national practice. Anaesthesia 1999;54:587-92. Wilkes AR. Breathing system filters. British Journal of Anaesthesia. CEPD Review. 2002;2:151-4. Wilkes AR, Benbough JE, Speight SE, Harmer M. The bacterial and viral filtration performance of breathing system filters. Anaesthesia 2002;55:458-65. 33- Jerwood DC, Mortiboy D. Disinfection of gum elastic bougies. Anaesthesia 1995;50:376. Horlocker T T, Wedel D J. Infectious complication of regional anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008;22:451-75. Moen V, Dahlgren N, Irestedt L. Severe neurological complications after central neuraxial blocksdes in Sweden 1990-1999.Anaesthesiology 2004;101:950-9. Gupta A, Kapil A, Lodha R, Sreenivas V. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards infection control among healthcare professionals. Nat Med J India 2013;19:76-81. Suchitra JB, Lakshmi Devi N. Impact of education on knowledge, attitudes and practices among various categories of health care workers on nosocomial infections. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007;25:181-7

The Concept of Kairos

In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They're not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you.Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they're destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary.Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. LifetimeThe span of time that measures a person’s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (k ronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time.Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as â€Å"putting in the time. †Jonathan Larsen’s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of â€Å"Seasons of Love†: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Min utes How Do You Measure – Measure A Year? In Daylights – In Sunsets In Midnights – In Cups Of Coffee In Inches – In Miles In Laughter – In Strife In – Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsen’s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time.In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the â€Å"now. † Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time.Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: O n the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery – an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer's arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer's arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving – the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success.It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Oly mpia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity).Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, â€Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his body†¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. † The statue was so magnetic people â€Å"stood speechless at the sight. † The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos:The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. † Callistratus, Descriptions 6The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation.Kairos is seen as the ora tor’s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos.Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Ari stotle noted that â€Å"kairos is a Greek word ‘with no single precise equivalent in any other language. ’† (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118).They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those â€Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respecte d for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called â€Å"The Way† (Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of â€Å"opportunity? † Here’s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, â€Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. † Others said, â€Å"He's pushing some foreign religion. † Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. â€Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,† they said. â€Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it's all about. † (It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before th is interchange, the Divine intersected the world’s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time – even kairos itself – was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defining moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 â€Å"the time† (is fulfilled)Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 â€Å"the present time† Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the times—the kairos—and respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 â€Å"the time† (of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 â€Å"the time . . . the moment† Kairos time is here.It calls for action and transformation—a change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 â€Å"the acceptable time† Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairos—a moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action.These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity – season or moment – that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity?As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, â€Å"Carpe diem,† Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, â€Å"buy up the opportunity. † The word â€Å"buy up† has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, â€Å"to take it off the market†; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good!Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St.Ignatius Loyola wrote, â€Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. † Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Father’s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclam ation, â€Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurio† (â€Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to act†), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity.It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something that’s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment.If there’s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of KairosOne doesn’t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L'Engle, best known for her children's books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos.Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, â€Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the prese nt moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. † (Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in â€Å"The Dry Salvages† Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight,The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls â€Å"knots,† those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot.In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge:It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for t he people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom.Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, â€Å"This was their finest hour. † (www. winstonchurchill. o rg) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. â€Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. â€Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once was, what might have been, and what could well be again. † (Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt)Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without c hoosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by?She was a lone Jew in a Gentile king’s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What's more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exc laims, â€Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth.They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. † (Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauron’s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, â€Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, â€Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great dee ds by any hero. † The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One.Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. It’s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which other’s experiences can be built.Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilbo’s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. That’s the way kairos moments often present themselves.Challenges, calls, â€Å"leaps of faith† into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. â€Å"I will take the Ring,† Frodo said, â€Å"though I do not know the way. † Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. â€Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,† he said, â€Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will.This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. † 9 Let’s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment.Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered.You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kair os moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Let’s tweak John Keating’s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment!Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrds’ popular, â€Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writer’s intent. The question is, â€Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? † There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a person’s life.Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us wri tes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, â€Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, God’s time – those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear.That is kairos! † (Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Life’s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, â€Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. † Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We h ave the gift of the present moment in which to live.Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment.Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes anoth er stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo.These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ‘ole years and those who were living as if the ’84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of â€Å"fan† to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you?The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not b ecome the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge.Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, â€Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. † However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coac h Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn's development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback †¦However, he wasn't able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish's return to a place among the nation's elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dame’s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, â€Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. † What was the coach’s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. I’ll worry about yo ur future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If it’s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an eternal perspective.What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage – childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections – and being responsive to the moment, appreciating â€Å"the power of now. † Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regre ts. The slate is wiped clean and He restores â€Å"in spades† that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed.Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about â€Å"buying back† (making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar.They believe with more and more faith each d ay that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to â€Å"pluck† all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; God’s hands. Jesus wasn’t stretching the truth when he said, Don’t worry about tomorrow. It is God’s design that we seek to trust Him with our future.Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus.Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human being’s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, â€Å"Carpe Diem! † But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life.But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you â€Å"Beloved,† offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pi ctures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13