Monday, January 27, 2020
Anaesthesia and Associated Infection: An Unrecognized Source
Anaesthesia and Associated Infection: An Unrecognized Source Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are preventable diseases and place anenomrous socio-economic burden on economy. It is well established that intensive care units (ICU) are epicenters of cross infections and bacterial resistance, but a little is known about the role of anaesthesia atmosphere in this process. Intraoperative environment due to several reasons serves as risk factor for HAIs. [1-3] Immune suppression associated with general anaesthesia, aerosolized particles and healthcare tools used within the anaesthesia workstation area, may also be linked with development of HAIs [4]. There is high probability of patient contamination during the practice of anaesthesia due to rapid patient care combined with frequent contact with potential sources of bacterial transmission. HAIs are more common in countries with poor socioeconomic status where disposable or single use only items are re-used many times. Hospital acquired infections caused by various infectious organisms including ba cteria, virus, fungi and parasites, all of which flourish on suitable reservoirs, such as medical equipment. Precautions are recommended for all patients regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infectious status when there is a possibility of contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin and mucus membranes. Preventive measures should be based on the likelihood of an infectious agent being present, the nature of the agent and possibility of dispersion. A standard set of precautions should be established for every invasive procedure with additional risk assessment of each patient. FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR CROSS INFECTION Intravascular catheter Stopcocks used for injection of medication, administration of intravenous (IV) infusions, and collection of blood samples represent a potential portal of entry for microorganism into vascular access catheters. Stopcocks should be capped when not being used. ââ¬Å"Piggybackâ⬠systems (a side port on a primary infusion set) are used as an alternative to stopcocks but also have risk of infection. Modified piggyback systems have the potential to prevent contamination at these sites. Use of needleless connectors or mechanical valves appears to be effective in reducing connector colonization as compared with standard stopcocks. To reduce intravascular catheter related infection change needleless components of catheter at least every 72 hour, minimize leaks and breaks in the system, scrubbing the access port with an appropriate antiseptic and accessing the port only with sterile devices. Contamination of drugs Drugs and fluids need safe handling by anaesthesiologist and should follow protocols for preparation and administration to prevent contamination. Infusion setswith side port (preferably needle-free Luer injection devices)for drug administration and self-collapsible intravenous fluid bags, so no need of air venting which prevent entry of air born infectious particles into fluids. Connection and injection ports in intravenous lines should be kept least.Prepared syringes and needles should be kept in a clean sterile container and capped. Care must be taken when drawing drugs. Single used ampules should be discarded after required amount of drug is drawn up and not re-used for next patients. Syringes and needles must not be used for multiple patients once connected to a patientââ¬â¢s vascular lines or infusions. Injection port kept free of blood and covered with a cap when not in use. After use all syringes and needles should be discarded into an approved sharp container. Unsafe use and disposal of sharps Inadvertent injury or inoculation with infected blood is an occupational hazard and present a significant risk to anaesthesiologist. These are mainly caused by needles during venipuncture, drug administration and during recapping of needles. These should be prevented by adhering to guidelines and standards regarding this. Sharps must not be transferred between personnel and handling should be kept minimum. Needle must not be bent or broken prior to use or disposal. Movement within the theater complex Restricted movement in and out of operating theater reduces airborne contamination. Door should be closed and eatable items should not be allowed inside O.T complex. Patientââ¬â¢s dress should be changed before transferring to O.T complex. Visitors should change into theater suits and wear designated footwear. Order of patients Patients likely to disperse microbes and at risk to others should be scheduled last in the operating list. In between successive patients, transmissions of infection are airborne or on surfaces and object that have been contact with patients. Cleaning of the operating theater between all patients should be undertaken. When there is visible contamination with blood or others body materials, the area must be disinfected according to local protocols and then cleaned with detergent and water. Floors of the operating room should be disinfected at end of each session. Anesthetic equipment Either by direct contact with patients or indirectly via splashing, by secretion or from handling anaesthetics equipment may become contaminated. All used equipmentââ¬â¢s or its parts must be assumed to be contaminated and disposed of or, if reusable, undergo a process of decontamination. Areas of anaesthetics machine and monitoring equipment which are touched by gloved hand that has been in contact with blood or secretion, should be regarded as contaminated and should be cleaned as early as possible. Equipment that touches intact skin or not touches the patient at all but visibly contaminated is cleaned at the end of day or whenever visibly contaminated. This includes non-invasive blood pressure cuffs and tubing, pulse oximeter probes and cables, stethoscopes, electrocardiographic cablesetc. Oxygen mask and tubing should be single-patient use products. If reused it must be cleaned and sterilized if possible or according to manufacturerââ¬â¢s instructions. Anaesthetic face masks are usually in contact with intact skin; these are frequently contaminated by secretions from patients and have been implicated in causing cross infection.[5]Airways and tubes readily contaminated with transmissible organism and blood and should be single-use type.[6, 7] Supra-glottic airways commonly used are re-usable design; therefore they should be sterilized but no more often than the manufacturer recommends. A supraglottic airway used for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy should not be used again (due to risk of Prion Disease). Laryngoscope blades are regularly contaminated with blood due to penetration of mucous membranes, which places these items into a highââ¬ârisk category.[8] Decontamination and disinfection between patients are ineffective, leaving residual contamination that has been implicated as source of cross infection.[9, 10] So proper cleaning of laryngoscope blades is important before decontamination /sterilization particularly around light sources or articulated section. ForAnaesthetic machinesManufacturers cleaning and maintenance policesshould be followed, and bellows, unidirectional valves and carbon dioxide absorbers should be cleaned and disinfected periodically. Bacterial/viral filter is used between patient and circuit to prevent air born transmission of microorganism. Surfaces of anaesthesia machines should be cleaned on daily basis with an appropriate disinfectant.Anaesthesia breathing system actsas important reservoir for microorganism if used for longer period or used without filter. It is recommended that an appropriate filter should be placed between the patient and breathing system for each new patient. It is claimed that hydrophobic filters have better performance than most electrostatic filters, the clinical relevance yet to be established. [11, 12] Departments may follow the manufacturerââ¬â¢s recommendations for use but if visibly contaminated or used for highly infectious case, the circuit should be changed between patients and safely discarded. Bougies re-use has been associated with cross infection.[13]Gum elastic bougie may be disinfected up to five times or according to manufacturer recommendation and stored in a sealed packet. Preferably single-use intubation aids are employed when possible. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATION OF REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA Infectious complication of regional anaesthesia includes abscess formation, necrotizing fasciitis, meningitis, arachnoiditis which can lead to paralysis and death. The rate of spinal- epidural abscess or meningitis occurrence has been reported to be 1:10000 to 1:40000.[14, 15]Potential routes might be contaminated syringes, catheter hubs, local anaesthetics or breaches in aseptic technique.The suggested mechanism of hematogenous infection of central nervous system caused by subarachnoid or epidural puncture might be an accidental vessel puncture lead to introduction of blood into the intrathecal space. Staphylococcus aureus is the organism most commonly associated epidural abscess and often this infection occurred in patient with impaired immunity. Meningitis follows dural puncture is typically caused by alpha-hemolytic streptococci, with the source of organism the nasopharynx of the anaesthesiologist. [14] WHAT IS THENEED? Anesthesiologistââ¬â¢s are insensitive regarding prevention of infection in anaesthesia atmosphere in many institution of our country. Excessive movement in Operation Theater complex, drug bags or edible items in operative room and poor compliance with cap and mask by anaesthesiologist are also contributing factors. Equipmentââ¬â¢s are used repeatedly without cleaning/sterilization e.g. Face mask, ventilator circuit, bougie, tubes etc. Stress should be given on preventive medicine in medical and nursing curriculum. Irrespective of specialty infection prevention should be a part of the teaching curriculum. Hospital must dedicate time to re-educating and re-training their staff in infection prevention. Various studies shows that, in spite of increase in knowledge scores regarding infection prevention, doctors were least compliant of the HCW in infection control practices. [16, 17] Early detection with surveillance and screening are the important step in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. Prevention of cross infection is by isolating the affected patients, educating the public/ healthcare professionals, appropriate use of antibiotics, meticuloushand hygiene and appropriate cleaning and decontamination of the environment and medical equipment Three main techniques are important to prevent infection transmission from provider to the patients. These include aseptic practice, proper hand hygiene, and appropriate barrier techniques are recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References Madar R, Novakova E, Baska T. The role of non-critical health-care tools on the transmission of nosocomial infection. Bratisl Lek Listy 2005;106:348-50. Maslyk PA, Nafziger DA, Burns SM, Bowers PR. Microbial growth on anaesthesia machine. AANA J 2002; 70:53-6. Lessard MR, Trepanier CA, Gourdeau M, Denault PH. A microbiological study of contamination of the syringes used in anaesthesia practice. Can J Anaesth 1988;35:567-9. Hajjar J, Girard R. Surveillance of nosocomial infections related to anaesthesia. A multicenter study. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2000,19:47-53 MacCallum FO, Noble WC. Disinfection of anaesthetic face masks. Anaesthesia 1960; 15: 307. Miller DH, Youkhana I, KarunaratneWU,Pearce A. Presence of protein deposits on cleaned re-usable anaesthetic equipment. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 1069ââ¬â72. Chrisco JA, Devane G. A descriptive study of blood in the mouth following routine oral endotracheal intubation. Journal of American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1992;60:379-83. Phillips RA, Monaghan WP. Incidence of visible and occult blood on laryngoscope blades and handles. Journal of American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 1997;65:241-6. Ballin MS, McCluskey A, Maxwell S, Spilsbury S. Contamination of laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia 1999;54:1115-6. Esler MD, Baines LC, Wilkinson DJ, Langford RM. Decontamination of laryngoscopes: a survey of national practice. Anaesthesia 1999;54:587-92. Wilkes AR. Breathing system filters. British Journal of Anaesthesia. CEPD Review. 2002;2:151-4. Wilkes AR, Benbough JE, Speight SE, Harmer M. The bacterial and viral filtration performance of breathing system filters. Anaesthesia 2002;55:458-65. 33- Jerwood DC, Mortiboy D. Disinfection of gum elastic bougies. Anaesthesia 1995;50:376. Horlocker T T, Wedel D J. Infectious complication of regional anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008;22:451-75. Moen V, Dahlgren N, Irestedt L. Severe neurological complications after central neuraxial blocksdes in Sweden 1990-1999.Anaesthesiology 2004;101:950-9. Gupta A, Kapil A, Lodha R, Sreenivas V. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards infection control among healthcare professionals. Nat Med J India 2013;19:76-81. Suchitra JB, Lakshmi Devi N. Impact of education on knowledge, attitudes and practices among various categories of health care workers on nosocomial infections. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007;25:181-7
Saturday, January 18, 2020
The Concept of Kairos
In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They're not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you.Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they're destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary.Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. LifetimeThe span of time that measures a personââ¬â¢s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (k ronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time.Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as ââ¬Å"putting in the time. â⬠Jonathan Larsenââ¬â¢s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of ââ¬Å"Seasons of Loveâ⬠: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Min utes How Do You Measure ââ¬â Measure A Year? In Daylights ââ¬â In Sunsets In Midnights ââ¬â In Cups Of Coffee In Inches ââ¬â In Miles In Laughter ââ¬â In Strife In ââ¬â Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsenââ¬â¢s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time.In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the ââ¬Å"now. â⬠Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time.Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: O n the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery ââ¬â an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer's arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer's arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving ââ¬â the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success.It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Oly mpia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity).Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, ââ¬Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his bodyâ⬠¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. â⬠The statue was so magnetic people ââ¬Å"stood speechless at the sight. â⬠The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos:The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. â⬠Callistratus, Descriptions 6The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation.Kairos is seen as the ora torââ¬â¢s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos.Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Ari stotle noted that ââ¬Å"kairos is a Greek word ââ¬Ëwith no single precise equivalent in any other language. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118).They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those ââ¬Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respecte d for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called ââ¬Å"The Wayâ⬠(Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of ââ¬Å"opportunity? â⬠Hereââ¬â¢s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, ââ¬Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. â⬠Others said, ââ¬Å"He's pushing some foreign religion. â⬠Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. ââ¬Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,â⬠they said. ââ¬Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it's all about. â⬠(It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before th is interchange, the Divine intersected the worldââ¬â¢s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time ââ¬â even kairos itself ââ¬â was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defining moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 ââ¬Å"the timeâ⬠(is fulfilled)Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 ââ¬Å"the present timeâ⬠Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the timesââ¬âthe kairosââ¬âand respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 ââ¬Å"the timeâ⬠(of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 ââ¬Å"the time . . . the momentâ⬠Kairos time is here.It calls for action and transformationââ¬âa change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 ââ¬Å"the acceptable timeâ⬠Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairosââ¬âa moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action.These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity ââ¬â season or moment ââ¬â that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity?As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, ââ¬Å"Carpe diem,â⬠Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, ââ¬Å"buy up the opportunity. â⬠The word ââ¬Å"buy upâ⬠has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, ââ¬Å"to take it off the marketâ⬠; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good!Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St.Ignatius Loyola wrote, ââ¬Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. â⬠Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Fatherââ¬â¢s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclam ation, ââ¬Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurioâ⬠(ââ¬Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to actâ⬠), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity.It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something thatââ¬â¢s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment.If thereââ¬â¢s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of KairosOne doesnââ¬â¢t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L'Engle, best known for her children's books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos.Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, ââ¬Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the prese nt moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. â⬠(Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in ââ¬Å"The Dry Salvagesâ⬠Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight,The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls ââ¬Å"knots,â⬠those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot.In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge:It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us ââ¬â that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ââ¬â that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ââ¬â that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ââ¬â and that government of the people, by the people, for t he people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom.Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, ââ¬Å"This was their finest hour. â⬠(www. winstonchurchill. o rg) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. ââ¬Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. ââ¬Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once was, what might have been, and what could well be again. â⬠(Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt)Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without c hoosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by?She was a lone Jew in a Gentile kingââ¬â¢s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What's more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exc laims, ââ¬Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth.They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. â⬠(Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkienââ¬â¢s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauronââ¬â¢s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, ââ¬Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, ââ¬Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great dee ds by any hero. â⬠The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One.Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. Itââ¬â¢s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which otherââ¬â¢s experiences can be built.Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilboââ¬â¢s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. Thatââ¬â¢s the way kairos moments often present themselves.Challenges, calls, ââ¬Å"leaps of faithâ⬠into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. ââ¬Å"I will take the Ring,â⬠Frodo said, ââ¬Å"though I do not know the way. â⬠Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. ââ¬Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,â⬠he said, ââ¬Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will.This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. â⬠9 Letââ¬â¢s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment.Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered.You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kair os moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Letââ¬â¢s tweak John Keatingââ¬â¢s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment!Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrdsââ¬â¢ popular, ââ¬Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writerââ¬â¢s intent. The question is, ââ¬Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? â⬠There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a personââ¬â¢s life.Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us wri tes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, ââ¬Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, Godââ¬â¢s time ââ¬â those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear.That is kairos! â⬠(Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Lifeââ¬â¢s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, ââ¬Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. â⬠Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We h ave the gift of the present moment in which to live.Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment.Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes anoth er stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo.These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ââ¬Ëole years and those who were living as if the ââ¬â¢84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of ââ¬Å"fanâ⬠to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you?The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not b ecome the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge.Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, ââ¬Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. â⬠However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coac h Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn's development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback â⬠¦However, he wasn't able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish's return to a place among the nation's elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dameââ¬â¢s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, ââ¬Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. â⬠What was the coachââ¬â¢s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. Iââ¬â¢ll worry about yo ur future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If itââ¬â¢s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an eternal perspective.What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage ââ¬â childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections ââ¬â and being responsive to the moment, appreciating ââ¬Å"the power of now. â⬠Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regre ts. The slate is wiped clean and He restores ââ¬Å"in spadesâ⬠that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed.Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about ââ¬Å"buying backâ⬠(making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar.They believe with more and more faith each d ay that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to ââ¬Å"pluckâ⬠all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; Godââ¬â¢s hands. Jesus wasnââ¬â¢t stretching the truth when he said, Donââ¬â¢t worry about tomorrow. It is Godââ¬â¢s design that we seek to trust Him with our future.Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus.Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human beingââ¬â¢s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, ââ¬Å"Carpe Diem! â⬠But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life.But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you ââ¬Å"Beloved,â⬠offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pi ctures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13
Friday, January 10, 2020
Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay
I. Greekà Politicalà Thoughtà Plato:à Justice,à Idealà Stateà Aristotle:à Theoryà ofà theà State,à Revolutions II. Medievalà andà Earlyà Modernà Politicalà Thoughtà Churchà andà theà State:à St. Augustineà Marsilioà ofà Paduaà Nicoloà Machiavelli:à Stateà andà Statecraft I. Socialà Contractà Theoryà Thomasà Hobbes:à Humanà Nature,à Sovereigntyà Johnà Locke:à Theoryà ofà Property,à Consentà andà Governmentà J. J. Rousseau:à Popularà Sovereignty II. Idealismà Immanuelà Kant:à Ethicsà andà Politicsà G. W. F. Hegel:à Stateà andà Civilà Societyà T. H. Green:à Theoryà ofà Rights. Recommendedà Books:à Sukhbirà Singh,à Historyà ofà Politicalà Thoughtà G. H. Sabine,à Aà Historyà ofà Politicalà Theory V. Krishnaà Rao,à Paschatyaà Rajanitià Tatvavicharamuà (inà Telugu)à Johnà Plamenatz,à Manà andà Societyà Ernestà Barker, Theà Politicalà Thoughtà ofà Platoà andà Aristotleà C. B. Macpherson,à Theà Politicalà Theoryà ofà Possessiveà Individualism M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà Ià (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà à academicà yearà 2002à 03)à PAPERà à à II:à ADMINISTRATIVEà THEORYà (Classical). Unità I. a). Introduction:à Publicà Administration à à Meaning,à Scopeà andà Significance. b). Woodrowà Wilson:à Politicsà andà Administrationà dichotomy. Unità II. a). Henrià Fayol:à Functionalismà b). F. W. Taylor:à Scientificà Managementà Theoryà Unità III:à a). Lutherà Gulickà andà Lyndalà Urwick:à Administrativeà Managementà Theory. b). Maxà Weberà :à Bureaucraticà Model. Unità IV:à a). Maryà Parkerà Follet:à Conflictà Resolutionà b). Chesterà Barnard:à Neoà Classicalà Model Readings: 1. Prasadà Rà andà Others(eds)à à à à :à Administrativeà Thinkers,à (Teluguà /à English)à ndà 2à Edition,à Sterling,à Newà Delhi. 2. S. P. Naiduà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à Publicà Administration:à Theoriesà andà Concepts,à Newà Ageà Internationalà Publications,à Hyderabad,à 1996. 3. Hoshiarà Singhà &à Pradeepà Sachdevaà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à Administrativeà Theory,à Kitabà Mahal,à Newà Delhi,à 1999. 4. Fredà Luthansà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à Organisationalà Behaviour. Studentsà areà requiredà toà consultà relevantà articlesà fromà journalsà relatingà toà publicà administrationà especiallyà theà Indianà Journalà ofà Publicà Administration M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà Ià (Commonà forà bothà à M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà from theà à academicà yearà 2002à 03)à PAPERà III:à INDIANà CONSTITUTION UNITà à Ià :à à à à (a)à Makingà ofà theà Indianà Constitution ââ¬âà Basicà Foundationsà ofà Indianà Constitutionà (b)à Salientà Featuresà à ofà Indianà Constitution UNITà IIà :à à (a)à à Fundamentalà Rightsà andà Directiveà Principlesà ofà Stateà Policyà (b)à Centre à Stateà Relations UNITà IIIà :à à (a)à à Unionà Governmentà ââ¬âà Parliament,à President,à Primeà Ministerà andà Cabinetà (b)à Supremeà Courtà andà Judicialà Review. UNITà IVà :à (a)à à Provisionsà forà theà Welfareà ofà Weakerà Sectionsà (b)à Reviewingà ofà theà Constitution ââ¬âà Sarkariaà à Commissionà andà Constitutionalà Reviewà Commission Referenceà Books:à 1. Granvilleà Austinà à à Theà Indianà Constitution ââ¬âà Cornerà Stoneà ofà theà Nationà 2. D. D. Basuà à à Introductionà toà theà Constitutionà ofà Indiaà 3. Morrisà Jones,à W. H. à à Theà Governmentà andà Politicsà ofà Indiaà 4. Kothari,à Rà à à Politicsà inà Indiaà 5. V. D. Mahajanà à à Indianà Constitutionà 6. J. C. Joharià à à Indianà Constitution M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à Ià (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà à academicà yearà 2002à 03)à PAPERà IV:à à GOVERNMENTà ANDà POLITICSà INà ANDHRAà PRADESH UNITà I:à a). Approachesà toà theà Studyà ofà Stateà Governmentà andà Politics. b). Politicalà History ofà theà Stateà Formationà ofà Andhraà Pradesh. UNITà II:à a)à Constitutionalà Structuresà b)à Politicalà Partiesà UNITà III:à a). Subà Regionalà Movements:à Separateà Telanganaà Movementà andà Jaià And haraà Movement. b). Peasantà Movements:à Telanganaà Armedà Struggleà andà Naxaliteà Movement. UNITà IV:à a). Publicà Sectorà andà Politicsà ofà Subsidyà b). Liberalization. BOOKSà RECOMMENDED: 1. Myronà Weinerà (ed. )à 2. Iqbalà Narainà 3. Reddyà &à Sharma(eds. )à 4. V. Hanumanthaà Raoà 5. K. V. Narayanaà Raoà 6. Srià Prakashà 7. S. C. Kashyapà 8. Ashokà Senà 9. Babulalà Fadiaà 10. B. A. V. Sharmaà 11. Barryà Pavierà 12. G. Ramà Reddy Stateà Politicsà inà India. à à Stateà Politicsà in India. à Stateà Governmentà &à Politicsà inà A. P. .à à à Partyà Politicsà inà Andhraà Pradesh. à à Emergenceà ofà Andhraà Pradesh. à à Stateà Governorsà inà India. à à Politicsà ofà Defections:à Aà Studyà ofà Stateà Politicsà inà India. à à Roleà ofà Governorsà inà theà Emergingà Patternsà ofà Centerà Stateà Relationsà inà India. à à Stateà Politicsà inà India. à à Politicalà Economyà ofà India. à à Telanganaà Movementà 1944à 51. à Panchayatià Rajà andà Ruralà Developmentà inà A. P M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à Ià (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà à academicà yearà 2002à 03) PAPERà Và aà (OPTIONAL):à POLITICALà INSTITUTIONSà ANDà IDEASà INà ANCIENTà INDIA UNITà à à I:à Politicalà Ideasà inà theà earlyà periodà a)à Samhitasà andà Brahmanasà b)à Principalà Upanishads. UNITà à II:à Politicalà ideasà inà Dharmasastrasà a)à Apatstambha,à Yagnovalkyaà andà Manu. b)à Mahabharata. UNITà III:à Politicalà Ideasà inà Anti à à Vedicà Literature. a)à Earlyà Buddhistà Literature. b)à Earlyà Jainà Literature. UNITà IV:à Technicalà Worksà onà Polity. a)à Predecessorsà ofà Kautilya. b)à Kautilyaââ¬â¢sà Arthasastra. BOOOKSà REOMMENDED:à 1. Cambridgeà Historyà ofà India,à vol. I. 2. Ghoshalà 3. Jayaswalà 4. Rangaswamià Aiyanagarà 5. Bandopadhyayaà 6. Kane,à P. V. 7. D. Machenzieà Brownà 8. Spellmanà 9. Altaker,à A. S. 10. Saletore,à B. A. Historyà ofà Hinduà Politicalà Theoryà à à Hinduà Polityà à à Rajadharmaà à à Developmentà ofà Hinduà Politicalà Theoriesà à Historyà ofà Dharmaà Sastra,à Vol. IIIà à à Theà Whiteà Umbrellaà à à Theà Politicalà Theoryà ofà Ancientà Indiaà à à Stateà andà Governmentà inà Ancientà Indiaà à à Ancientà Indianà Politicalà Thoughtà andà Institutions M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à Ià (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà Studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03)à PAPERà Và bà (OPTIONAL):à WOMENà ANDà POLITICSà Unità à à I:à THEORITICALà APPROACHESà i)à Politicalà Philà ii)à osophersà onà Women:à Plato,à Aristotleà Rousseau,à J. S. Millà andà Karlà Marxà iii)à Liberalà andà Radicalà Approachesà iv)à Maryà Woolstoneà Craftà andà Simonà deà Beauvoirà WOMENà ANDà THEà INDIANà STATEà i)à Indianà Constitutionà andà Womenà ii)à Committeeà onà theà Statusà ofà Women à à 1975à iii)à Nationalà Policiesà onà Womenà WOMENà ANDà POLITICALà PARTICIPATIONà i)à Womenà andà Nationalistà Movementà ii)à Womenââ¬â¢sà Electoralà Participation à à Trendsà à à Nationalà andà Stateà iii)à Womenââ¬â¢sà Movementà inà Indiaà à à Perspectivesà andà Strategiesà RESERVATIONà à THEà EXPERIENCEà OFà PANCHAYATIà RAJà i)à Theà Debateà onà Womenââ¬â¢sà Reservationà rdà thà ii)à 73à andà 74à Constitutionalà Amendmentsà iii)à Lessonsà fromà theà Experience. Unità à à II: Unità à à III: Unità à à IV: READINGà LIST:à 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvetà John,à Feminism à à Modernà Ideologiesà Series,à J. M. Devtà &à Sonsà London,à 1982à Evaà Figes,à Patriarchalà Attitudesà Womenà inà Society,à Newà Delhi:à Macmillan,à 1985 .à Agnewà Vijay, Eliteà Womenà inà Indianà Politics,à Vikas,à Newà Delhi,à 1979. Susheelaà Kaushik, (ed. ),à Womenââ¬â¢sà Participationà inà Politics. Dianaà Coole,à Womenà inà Politicalà Theory. Simonà deà Beauvoir,à Theà Secondà Sex. Vickyà Randallà :à Womenà andà Politics,à Macmillan,à London,à 1982. Governmentà ofà India,à Ministryà ofà Educationà andà Socialà Welfare:à Towardsà Equality:à Reportà ofà theà Committeeà onà theà Statusà ofà Women,à Newà Delhi,à 1974. 9. Geraldineà Forbes:à Womenà inà Modernà India,à Newà Delhi,à Cambridgeà Universityà Press,à 1996. 10. Veenaà Mazumdarà (ed. )à ,à Symbolsà ofà Power. 11. Issuesà ofà Panchayatià Raj à à Update à Instituteà ofà Socialà Sciences,à Newà Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà ANDà M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à Ià (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà andà M. A. Publicà Administrationà Studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2006à 07)à PAPERà Và bà (OPTIONAL):à WOMENà ANDà POLITICSà Unità à à I:à THEORITICALà APPROACHESà i)à à à à à à à à à Ancientà Politicalà Philosophersà onà Women ââ¬âà Plato,à Aristotleà Rousseau. ii)à Modernà Liberalà Thinkers:à à Maryà Woostonecraft,à J. S. Millà iii)à Radialà thinkersà ââ¬âà Karlà Marxà andà Angels,à Simonà deà Beauboir,à Kateà Millet. WOMENà ANDà THEà INDIANà STATEà i)à Indianà Constitutionà andà Womenà ii)à Committeeà onà theà Statusà ofà Women à à 1975à iii)à Nationalà Policiesà onà Women ââ¬âà 1988à andà 2001. WOMENà ANDà POLITICALà PARTICIPATIONà i)à Womenà andà Nationalistà Movementà ii)à Womenââ¬â¢sà Electoralà Participation à à Trendsà à à Nationalà andà Stateà iii)à Womenââ¬â¢sà Movementà inà Indiaà à à Perspectivesà andà Strategiesà RESERVATIONà à THEà EXPERIENCEà INà LOCALà GOVERNMENTà i)Theà Debateà onà Womenââ¬â¢sà Reservationà rdà thà ii)à 73à andà 74à Constitutionalà Amendmentsà iii)à Womenââ¬â¢sà Politicalà participation ââ¬âà problemsà andà prospects. Unità à à II: Unità à à III: Unità à à IV: READINGà LIST:à 1. Charvetà John,à Feminism à à Modernà Ideologiesà Series,à J. M. Devtà &à Sonsà London,à 1982à 2à à à à à Evaà Figes,à Patriarchalà Attitudesà Womenà inà Society,à Newà Delhi:à Macmillan,à 1985. 3à à à à à Agnewà Vijay,à Eliteà Womenà inà Indianà Politics,à Vikas,à Newà Delhi,à 1979. 4à à à à à Susheelaà Kaushik,à (ed. ),à Womenââ¬â¢sà Participationà inà Politics. 5à à à à à Dianaà Coole,à Womenà inà Politicalà Theory. 6à à à à à Simonà deà Beauvoir,à Theà Secondà Sex. 7à à à à à Vickyà Randallà :à Womenà andà Politics,à Macmillan,à London,à 1982. 8à à à à Governmentà ofà India,à Ministryà ofà Educationà andà Socialà Welfare:à Towardsà Equality:à Reportà ofà theà Committeeà onà theà Statusà ofà Women,à Newà Delhi,à 1974. 9à Geraldineà Forbes:à Womenà inà Modernà India,à Newà Delhi,à Cambridgeà Universityà Press,à 1996. 10à Veenaà Mazumdarà (ed. )à ,à Symbolsà ofà Power. 11. Issuesà ofà Panchayatià Raj à à UPDATEà à Instituteà ofà Socialà Sciences,à Newà Delhi. M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (FROMà THEà ACADEMICà YEARà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà ââ¬âà Ià COMPARATIVEà PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà UNITà I:à COMPARATIVEà PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà ââ¬âà HISTORYà ANDà CONCEPTà 1. Evolutionà ofà Comparativeà Publicà Administration ââ¬âà Comparativeà Administrationà Groupà (CAG)à 2. Definition,à Scopeà andà Importanceà ofà Comparativeà Publicà Administrationà 3. Comparativeà Elementsà inà Earlierà Administrativeà Theory. UNITà à IIà à à ? MODELSà INà COMPARATIVEà PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà 1. Bureaucraticà Modelà 2. Ecologicalà Modelà 3. Administrativeà Systemsà Modelà UNITà à IIIà à :à COMPARATIVEà ADMINISTRATIVEà SYSTEMSà à à à à à à à . 1. Administrativeà Systemsà ofà Developedà Nationsà :à USAà andà UKà 2. Administrativeà Systemsà ofà Developingà Countriesà 3. Administrativeà Systemsà ofà Communistà Statesà UNITà ââ¬â IVà à :à à COMPARATIVEà PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà :à RECENTà TRENDSà 1. Internationalà Administrationà 2. Globalà Publicà Administrationà 3. Comparativeà Publicà Administration:à Declineà andà Revival. Referenceà Books:à Ferrelà Headyà :à Publicà Administrationà :à Aà Comparativeà Perspectiveà R. K. Aroraà :à Comparativeà Publicà Administrationà :à Anà Ecologicalà Perspectiveà Viswanathanà :à Comparativeà Publicà Administrationà T. N. Chaturvedià andà V. P. Vermaà (eds. )à : Comparativeà Publicà Administrationà Alià Farazmandà :à Handbookà ofà Comparativeà andà Developmentà Administrationà Jeanà Claudeà Gareiaà Zamorà andà Renuà Khator:à à Publicà Administrationà inà theà Globalà Villageà 7. C. V. Raghavuluà andà M. Bapujià :à Tulanatmakaà Prabhutvaà Palana,à Teluguà Academyà (inà Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà à II:à à PUBLICà PERSONNELà ADMINISTRATION. Unità à I:à 1. Introductionà toà Publicà Personnelà Administration:à à Meaning,à Definitionà Scopeà andà Significance. 2. Publicà Service:à Conceptà andà Roleà inà Modernà State. Unità à II:à 1. Recruitment:à à Recruitmentà andà Selectionà Process,à Recruitmentà Policy,à Recruitmentà Methods,à Inductionà andà Placement. 2. Classification:à à Classificationà ofà Services:à à Roleà Classificationà andà Positionà Classification. Unità à III:à 1. Manà Powerà Planning/Humanà Resourceà Planning:à Meaningà Importance,à Supplyà andà Demandà Forecast. 2. Careerà Planning:à à Meaningà andà Process,à Jobà Enrichmentà andà Capacityà Building. Unità à IV:à 1. Payà andà Serviceà Conditions:à à Payà Principles,à Payà Determinationà Andà Payà Commissions. 2. Discipline:à à Conduct,à Disciplineà andà Supeannuation. Referenceà Books:à 1. Glennà O. Sthalà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Publicà Personnelà Administrationà 2. Felixà A. Nigroà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Publicà Personnelà Administrationà 3. Pfiffnerà andà Presthusà à à à à :à à à Publicà Administration 4. S. R. Maheswarià à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Indianà Administrationà 5. Avasthià andà Maheswarià :à à à Publicà Administrationà 6. Rameshà K. Aroraà andà Rajnià Goyalà à :à à Indianà Publicà Administrationà 7. Reportà ofà Administrativeà Reformsà Commissionà onà Personnelà Administration M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà à à III:à INDIANà ADMINISTRATIONà Unità à à I:à a). Theà legacyà ofà Indianà Administration à à Evolution à à Kautilyaà à à Moghalà periodà à à Britishà periodà andà Constitutionalà Framework. b)à . Structureà ofà Indianà Administrationà :à Primeà Ministerââ¬â¢sà roleà à à Centralà Secretariatà à Cabinetà Secretariatà à PMOà c). Allà Indiaà servicesà à à UPSCà Unità à II:à à Stateà Administrationà a). Stateà Secretarialà :à Chiefà Secretary à Stateà Services. b). Roleà ofà Districtà Collector. c). Planningà Machineryà atà theà Stateà level à à Districtà Planning. Unità à III:à Issuesà ofà Indianà Bureaucracyà a). Politicalà Executiveà andà Bureaucracyà b). Indianà Bureaucracy:à Aà caseà forà representatives. c). Theà Generalistà andà theà Specialistà inà Indianà Administration. Unità IV:à a). Administrationà ofà Planning:à Planningà Commissionà andà Nationalà Developmentà council. b). Centreà à Stateà Administrativeà Relations. c). Peopleââ¬â¢sà Participationà inà Grassrootsà Developmentà à à Janmaà Bhoomi à à Microà Planning. Unità V:à a). Citizenà à Administration à à Redressalà ofà Citizensââ¬â¢Ã Grievancesà à à Lokpalà andà Lokayuktaà inà Andhraà Pradesh. b). Corruptionà inà Indianà Publicà Lifeà à à Roleà ofà Centralà Vigilanceà Commission. c). Administrativeà Reformsà andà innovationsà inà India. Readings:à 1. Rameshà k. Aroraà andà Rajnià Goyalà :à Indianà Publicà Administration,à Wishwaà Prakashan,à Newà Delhi,à 1995. 2. Hoshiarà Singhà andà Mohinderà singh:à Publicà Administrationà inà India,à Sterling,à Newà Delhi,à 1995. 3. Hoshiarà Singhà :à Indianà Administrationà 4. R. B. Jainà :à Contemporaryà issuesà inà Indianà Administration,à Vishal,à Delhi,à 1976. 5. Haridwarà Raià andà S. P. Singhà :à Currentà Ideasà andà issuesà inà Publicà Administration,à thà 6. S. R. Maheswarià :à Indianà Administrationà (5à Edition)à 7. J. C. Joharià :à Indianà Politicalà System. 8. Hariharadasà :à Politicalà Systemà ofà India. Studentsà areà requiredà toà consultà relevantà articlesà fromà journalsà relatingà toà publicà administrationà especiallyà theà Indianà Journalà ofà Publicà Administration M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà ââ¬âà IVà à PANCHAYATIà RAJà INà INDIA UNITà ââ¬âà Ià à :à à INTRODUCTIONà 1. Definition,à Scopeà andà Importanceà ofà Local à à Selfà Government. 2. Historyà ofà Ruralà Local ââ¬âà Selfà Governmentà inà Indiaà ââ¬âà Ancient,à Medievalà andà Britishà Periods. UNITà ââ¬âà IIà à :à à PANCHAYATIà RAJà SYSTEMà ââ¬â NATIONALà PERSPECTIVEà rdà Genesisà andà Developmentà ofà Panchayatià Raj ââ¬âà Significanceà ofà 73à Constitutionalà à Amendmentà Actà 2. Boardà Patternà ofà Panchayatià Rajà System ââ¬âà Structureà andà Functionà 1. UNITà ââ¬âà IIIà :à à à PANCHAYATIà RAJà SYSTEMà INà ANDHRAà PRADESHà 1. Importantà à Featuresà ofà theà A. P. Panchayatià Rajà Actà ofà 1994. 2. Functioningà ofà Panchayatià Rajà Institutions. UNITà ââ¬âà IVà :à à à PANCHAYATIà RAJà SYSTEM:à IMPORTANTà AREASà 1. Panchayatià Rajà Financesà ââ¬âà Roleà ofà Stateà Financeà Commissionà 2. Panchayati Raj ââ¬âà Stateà Relations Referenceà Books:à 1. S. R. Maheswarià à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Localà Governmentà inà Indiaà 2. G. Ramà Reddyà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à Patternsà ofà Pancharatià Raj. 3. B. S. Khannaà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à Panchayatià Rajà inà Indiaà 4. M. Bapujià :à à à Tulanaatmakaà Sthaanikaà Prabhutwaluà (Comparativeà Localà Governments)à inà Telugu,à Telugu M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà ââ¬âà V. aà (Optional)à POLICEà ADMINISTRATION UNITà ââ¬âà Ià à :à à INTRODUCTIONà 1. Natureà andà Importanceà Policeà Administrationà 2. Originà andà Growthà ofà Policeà Administrationà à inà Indiaà 3. Policeà Administrationà inà Andhraà Pradesh:à Salientà Features. UNITà à à 11à :à à à STRUCTUREà OFà POLICEà ADMINISTRATIONà 1. Policeà Administrationà atà Centralà Levelà 2. Policeà Administrationà atà Stateà andà Districtà Levelsà 3. Policeà Administrationà atà Cuttingà Edge. UNITà ââ¬âà IIIà :à à à HUMANà RESOURCEà ASPECTSà OFà POLICEà ADMINISTRATIONà 1. Recruitmentà andà Trainingà 2. Moraleà andà Motivationà 3. Policeà à à Codeà ofà Conductà andà Disciplinaryà Rules. UNITà ââ¬âà IVà :à à à SOMEà IMPORTANTà ISSUESà 1. Publicà ââ¬âà Policeà Relationsà 2. Reformsà inà Policeà Administrationà 3. Policeà andà Tradeà Unionà Rights Referenceà Books:à 1. R. K. Bhardwajà à à à à à :à à Indianà Policeà Administrationà 2. Girijaà Shahà à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à Modernà Policeà Administrationà 3. S. Senà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à Policeà inà Democraticà Stateà 4. J. Singhà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à Insideà Indianà Policeà 5. Favrean,à Donaldà andà Gillespic,à Josephà E. ,à Modernà Policeà Administration M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà SEMESTERà à à IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à ââ¬âà 2004)à PAPERà ââ¬âà V. b(Optional)à SOCIALà WELFAREà à ADMINISTRATION UNITà ââ¬âà 1à :à à INTRODUCTIONà 1. Conceptsà ofà Welfareà andà Socialà Welfareà 2. Meaning,à Scopeà andà Importanceà ofà Socialà Welfareà Administrationà UNITà ââ¬âà IIà :à à SOCIALà WELFAREà ADMINISTRATIONà INà INDIAà 1. Socialà Welfareà à Policiesà ofà Governmentà ofà Indiaà 2. Structureà ofà Socialà Welfareà Administrationà atà theà Centre,à Stateà andà Districtà levelsà UNITà ââ¬âà IIIà :à à WELFAREà SCHEMESà ANDà PROGRAMMESà CONCERNINGà 1. Scheduledà Castesà andà Scheduledà Tribesà 2. Womenà andà Childrenà UNITà ââ¬âà IVà :à à à AGENCIESà OFà SOCIALà WELFAREà 1. Governmentalà Agenciesà 2. Nonà Governmentalà Agencies. Referenceà Books:à 1. T. S. Simeyà :à à à à Principlesà ofà Socialà Administrationà 2. Paulà D. Chowduryà :à à à Socialà Welfareà Administrationà inà Indiaà 3. F. W. Reidà :à à à à Socialà Welfareà Administrationà 4. Walterà A. Forieldlanderà :à à Introductionà toà Socialà Welfare. M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04)à PAPERà ââ¬âà Ià à COMPARATIVEà à POLITICSà UNIT. Ià :à à INTRODUCTIONà 1. Meaning,à Natureà andà Scopeà ofà Comparativeà Politicsà 2. Growthà ofà theà Studyà ofà Comparativeà Politicsà 3. Majorà Approachesà toà Comparativeà Politicsà UNIT. IIà :à à à POLITICALà DEVELOPMENTà ANDà POLITICALà DEPENDENCYà 1. Conceptà ofà Developmentà Syndromeà ââ¬âà Lucianà Pyeà 2. Centreà Periphery ââ¬âà Thirdà Worldà Perspectiveà 3. Originà andà Relevanceà ofà Dependencyà Theoryà UNIT. IIIà :à à POLITICALà IDEOLOGYà ANDà PARTYà SYSTEMSà 1. Politicalà Ideology:à Meaning,à Natureà andà Generalà Characteristicsà 2. Ideologiesà ofà Liberalism,à Fascismà andà Marxismà 3. Nature,à Functionsà andà Typologyà ofà Partyà Systemsà UNIT. IVà :à à CONSTITUTINALISMà 1. Meaningà andà Developmentà ofà theà Termà 2. Constitutionalismà inà theà Westà ââ¬â England,à Franceà andà Americaà 3. Problemsà andà Prospectsà of Constitutionalismà inà Developingà Countries Readingà List:à 1. Gabrielà Almondà andà Binghamà Powellà à à :à à Comparativeà Politics:à Aà Developmentà Approachà 2. Lucianà Pyeà :à à à Aspectsà ofà Politicalà Developmentà 3. J. C. Joharià à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Comparativeà Politicsà 4. Howard,à J. Wiardaà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à Newà Directionsà inà Comparativeà Politicsà 5. Mortan R. Daviesà &à Vaughamà A. Lewis:à à à à Modelsà ofà Politicalà Systemà 6. S. N. Rayà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à Modernà Comparativeà Politicsà 7. Gwendolenà Carterà &à Johnà H. Herzà à à à à à à à :à à à à Governmentà andà Politicsà inà theà Twentiethà Centuryà 8. Samuel,à H. Beerà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à Modernà Politicalà Development M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04) PAPERà ââ¬âà IIà APPROACHESà ANDà THEORYà INà INTERNATIONALà RELATIONS UNIT. Ià :à à à à à a)à à à Introductionà :à à Theà Natureà ofà Internationalà Relationsà b)à à Normativeà Approaches,à à Structuralismà andà Neoà Realismà UNIT. IIà :à à à à a)à à à Power,à Influenceà andà Authority,à Realisticà Theoryà b)à Decision ââ¬âà Makingà Analysisà UNIT. IIIà :à à à à a)à Systemsà Approachà b)à Commun icationà Theoryà UNITà . IVà :à à à a)à à Integrationà Theory,à Marxistà Perspectiveà b)à Peaceà Research Referenceà Books:à 1. Bullà Hà :à Internationalà Theory:à Theà Caseà forà Classicalà Approach,à Worldà Politicsà 2. Knorr,à K,,à &à Rosenau,à J. N. :à à à Contendingà Approachesà toà Internationalà Politicsà 3. Clude,à I. :à à à Powerà andà Internationalà Relationsà 4. Herz,à J. H. :à à à Internationalà Politicsà inà Atomicà Ageà 5. Kaplan,à M. :à à à Systemà andà Processà inà Internationalà Politicsà 5. Trevorà Taylor(ed. )à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à :à à à Approachesà andà Theoryà inà Internationalà Relationsà 6. Margotà Lightà andà A. J. R. Groomà :à à Internationalà Relationsà ââ¬âà Aà Handbookà ofà Currentà Theory M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04)à PAPERà III:à MODERNà POLITICALà THEORYà Introductoryà Theà Natureà ofà Politicalà Theoryà Influenceà ofà Positivismà onà Politicalà Theoryà Empiricalà Politicalà Theoryà Perspectivesà onà theà Modernà State:à Liberalà andà Marxistà Centralà Conceptsà Relatedà toà theà Modernà Stateà Legitimacy:à Legitimationà Crisisà ofà theà Modernà Stateà Rights:à Naturalà Rights,à Welfareà Rightsà Liberty:à Negativeà andà Positiveà Liberty? Marxianà Notionà ofà Libertyà Justice:à Differentà Conceptionsà Newà Directionsà Postà Modernism:à Michelà Foucaultà onà Powerà Feministà Perspectivesà onà Patriarchyà andà Powerà Communitarianismà Issuesà andà Ideasà inà Contemporaryà Politicalà Theory Endà ofà History:à Francisà Fukuyamaà Clashà ofà Civilizations:à Samuelà Huntingtonà Thirdà Way:à Anthonyà Giddensà Postà Liberalism:à Johnà Gray Recommendedà Books:à S. P. Varma,à Modernà Politicalà Theoryà Madanà G. Gandhi,à Modernà Politicalà Theoryà J. C. Johari,à Contemporaryà Politicalà Theoryà III. Davidà Miller,à Socialà Justiceà Robertà Dahl,à Modernà Politicalà Analysisà N. Barry,à Anà Introductionà toà Modernà Politicalà Theoryà Michaelà Freeden,à Rightsà Zygmuntà Bauman,à Freedomà Davidà Held,à Politicalà Theoryà andà theà Modernà Stateà Andrewà Vincent,à Theoriesà ofà theà Stateà Vidhuà Varma,à Justice,à Equalityà andà Community:à Anà Essayà inà Marxistà Theoryà Michelà Foucault,à Power/Knowledgeà Dianaà Coole,à Womenà inà Politicalà Theoryà Francisà Fukuyama,à Theà Endà ofà Historyà andà theà Lastà Manà Samuelà J. Huntington,à Theà Clashà ofà Civilizationsà andà theà Remakingà ofà Worldà Orderà Anthonyà Giddens,à Theà Thirdà Wayà Johnà Gray,à Postà liberalism:à Studiesà inà Politicalà Thought M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04)à PAPERà ââ¬âà IV:à MODERNà INDIANà POLITICALà THOUGHT UNITà ââ¬âà 1à :à à Foundationsà à ofà Modernà Indianà Politicalà Thoughtà 1. Rammohanà Royà 2. Dayanandaà Saraswatià 3. Balaà Gangadharaà Tilakà UNITà ââ¬âà IIà :à à Gandhianà Thoughtà 1. Nonà à Violenceà andà Satyagrahaà 2. Relationshipà betweenà Meansà andà Ends. 3. Conceptà ofà Stateà andà Government. UNITà à à IIIà :à à à Socialistà andà Humanistà Thoughtà 1. Ramà Manoharà Lohiaà 2. Jawaharlalà Nehruà 3. M. N. Royà UNITà à IVà :à à Problemà ofà Minoritiesà andà Backwardà Socialà Groupsà 1. M. A. Jinnahà 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Generalà Readings:à 1. Sankarà Ghoseà ,à Modernà Indianà Politicalà Thoughtà 2. O. P. Goyal? Studiesà inà Modernà Indianà Politicalà Thoughtà 3. G. N. Sarmaà andà Moinà Shakir,à Politicsà andà Society:à à Ramà Mohanà Royà toà Nehruà 4. V. P. Varma,à Modernà Indianà Politicalà Thought Recommendedà Readings:à thà 1. A. Appadorai,à Indianà Politicalà Thinkingà inà theà 20à Centuryà fromà Naorojià toà Nehruà 2. O. P. Goyal,à Contemporaryà Indianà Politicalà Thoughtà 3. A. M. Zaidi,à Encylopaediaà ofà Indianà Nationalà Congressà (Studentsà shouldà referà relevantà sectionsà inà à differentà Volumes)à 4. Bipinà Chandra,à Nationalismà andà Colonialismà inà Modernà Indiaà 5. A. R. Desai,à Socialà Backwardà ofà Indianà Nationalismà 6. Thomasà Panthamà andà Deutsch,à Modernà Politicalà Thoughtà inà Indiaà 7. K. P. Karunakaran,à Democracyà inà India M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04)à PAPERà ââ¬âà V. aà (Optional):à DIPLOMACYà UNITà à Ià :à 1. Theà Natureà andà Originsà ofà Modernà Diplomacy. 2. Theà Developmentà ofà Diplomaticà Theoryà UNITà à IIà :à 1. Theà Transitionà fromà Oldà Diplomacyà toà Newà Diplomacyà 2. Democraticà Diplomacyà UNITà à IIIà :à 1. Recentà Changesà inà Diplomaticà Practiceà 2. Pointsà ofà Diplomaticà Procedureà UNITà à IVà :à 1. Propagandaà andà Diplomacyà 2. Diplomacyà inà theà UN Referenceà Books:à 1. Bailey,à Sydneyà B. :à à à Theà Generalà Assemblyà ofà theà Unitedà Nations,à Stevensà 2. Bowles,à Chester. :à à à Ambassadorââ¬â¢sà Report,à NY,à Haperà 3. Briggs,à Hebertà W. :à à à Theà Lawà ofà Nations,à NY,à Appletonà Centuryà Croftsà 4. Carr,à E. H. :à à à à Theà Twentyà Yearsà ofà Crisis,à London,à Macmillanà 5. Huddlestonà Sisleyà à à à à à à à :à à à à Popularà Diplomacyà andà War,à Peterboroughà 6. Krishnaà Murthy,à G. V. G:à à à Dynamicsà ofà Diplomacy,à Nationalà Publishingà House,à Newà Delhià 7. Nicolsonà Haroldà à à à à à à à à à :à à à à à Diplomacy,à London,à Oxfordà Universityà Pressà 8. Plischke,à Elmerà à à à à à à à à à à :à à à à à Summità Diplomacy,à Marylandà 9. Satowà Sirà Ernestà à à à à à à à à :à à à à à Aà Guideà toà Diplomaticà Practice,à Longmans M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà SEMESTERà ââ¬âà IIIà (Fromà theà academicà yearà 2003à 04)à PAPERà ââ¬âà Và bà (Optional):à POLITICALà ECONOMY UNITà à I:à Theoriesà ofà Politicalà Economy? a)à Classicalà Politicalà Economy à à Adamà Smithà andà Davidà à à Ricardo. b)à Marxianà Politicalà Economy. UNITà à à II:à a)à Theoriesà ofà Underdevelopmentà à A. G. Frank,à Samirà Amin. b)à Liberalizationà andà itsà Implicationsà forà Nationalà Economies. UNITà à III:à a)à Impactà ofà Colonialà Ruleà onà Indianà Economy. b)à Indianà Economy:à Importantà Features. UNITà IV:à a)à Stateà Directedà Economy. b)à Structuralà Adjustment. BOOKSà RECOMMENDED:à 1. Koxlou,à G. A. 2. Afanasye,à L. 3. Bardan,à Pranabà 4. Howard,à M. C. 5. Bagchi,à A. K. 6. Frankelà & Frankelà 7. Amartyaà Senà 8. Robertà Lucasà andà Gustavà Planackà 9. Ranjità Sauà 10. C. T. Kureinà 11. D. J. Byresà 12. Michealà Clossudoskyà 13. Parthaà Chatterjeà 14. B. A. V. Sharmaà à à Politicalà Economyà ofà Socialismà à à Politicalà Economyà ofà Capitalismà à à Politicalà Economyà ofà Developmentà inà Indiaà à à Politicalà Economyà ofà Marxà à à Politicalà Economyà ofà Underà Development. à à Politicalà Economyà ofà India,à 1947à 77. à à Commoditiesà andà Capabilities. à à Indianà Economy:à Recentà Developmentsà andà Futureà Prospect. à à Indianà Economicà Development. à à Globalisationà andà Indianà Economy. à à Theà Stateà Developmentà Planningà andà Liberalisationà inà India. à à Theà Globalisationà ofà Poverty. à à Stateà andà Politicsà inà India. à à Politicalà Economyà ofà India. M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà &à M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATION Semesterà ââ¬âà II (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà &à M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03) Paperà ââ¬â IIà :à Westernà Politicalà Thoughtà ââ¬â II. 1. Liberalismà Adamà Smith:à Politicalà Economyà Jeremyà Benthan:à Principleà ofà Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty,à Representativeà Governmentà 2. Contemporaryà à Liberalismà F. A. Hayekà onà Libertyà Robertà Nozick:à Minimalà Stateà Johnà Rawis:à Theoryà ofà Justiceà 3. Socialismà Earlyà Socialists:à Saintà Simonà andà Robertà Owenà Marlà Marx:à Critiqueà ofà Capitalism,à Revolutionà Antonioà Gramsci:à Civilà Societyà andà Hegemonyà 4. Revisionsà toà Socialismà Revisionsà toà Marxism:à Eduardà Bemsteinà Criticalà theory:à Herbertà Marcuseà Postà Marxism:à Emestoà Laclauà Recentà Trendsà inà Socialistà Theory. Recommendedà Books:à Sukhabirà Singh,à Historyà ofà Politicalà Thoughtà G. H. Sabine,à Aà Historyà ofà Politicalà Theoryà Anthonyà Crespignyà andà Kennethà Minlgue,à Contemporaryà Politicalà Philosophersà Bhikuà Parekh,à Contemporaryà Politicalà Thinkersà V. Krishnaà Rao,à Paschatyaà Rajanitià Tatvavicharamuà (inà Telugu)à Robertà Nozick,à Anarchy,à Stateà andà Utopiaà Johnà Gray,à Liberalismà Bernardà Crick,à Socialismà Davidà Held,à Anà Introductionà toà Criticalà Theoryà Rogerà Simon,à Gramsdââ¬â¢sà Politicalà Thought:à Anà Introductionà Emesto Laciau,à Reflectionsà onà theà Revolutionà ofà Ourà Timeà Davidà Muller,à Market,à Sateà andà Communityà G. A. Cohen,â⬠Isà Thereà Stillà aà Caseà forà Socialismâ⬠M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà &à M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATION Semesterà ââ¬âà II (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà &à M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03) Paperà ââ¬â IIà :à Contemporaryà Administrativeà Theory Unit à à I. a)à Eltonà Mayo:à Humanà Relationsà Theoryà b)à Herbertà Aà Simon:à Decisionà Makingà Theoryà a)à Motivationà Theory:à Abrahamà Maslow ââ¬âà Hierarchyà ofà Needsà b)à Frederckà Herzberg:à Motivationà _à Hygieneà Theoryà a)à Douglasà McGregor:à Theoryà ââ¬ËXââ¬â¢Ã andà Theoryà ââ¬ËYââ¬â¢Ã b)à Chrisà Argynis:à Integrationà Betweenà theà individualà andà theà organization. Unit ââ¬âà II. Unità III. Unità IV. a)à Rensisà Likert:à Managementà Systemsà b)à Theoriesà ofà Leadershipà ââ¬â Michiganà Studies,à Chioà Stateà Leadershipà Studies,à Groupà Dynamics,à Managerialà Gridà andà Contingencyà Model. Unit à à V. a)à Policyà Analysis:à Yehzkelà Dror. b)à Newà Publicà Administration:à Minnobrookà Perspective. Readings:à 1. Prasadà Rà andà Othersà (ed)à 2. S. P. Naiduà :à Administrativeà Thinkers(Teluguà /à English)à :à Publicà Administration:à Theoriesà andà Concepts. Newà Ageà Internationalà Publications,à Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiarà Singhà &à Pradeepà :à Administrativeà Theory,à Kitabà Mahal,à Sachdeva. Newà Delhi,1999. 4. Fredà Luthansà :à Organizationalà Behaviorà 5. Likertà R. ,à :à Newà Patternsà ofà Managementà 6. Argyrisà C. :à Personalityà andà Organizationà 7. Prankà Marinià :à Newà Publicà Administration. à · Studentsà areà requiredà toà consultà relevantà articlesà fromà journalsà relatingà toà publicà administrationà especiallyà theà Indianà Journalà ofà Publicà Administration. M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà &à M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATIONà Semesterà ââ¬âà IIà (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà &à M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03) Paperà ââ¬â IIIà :à Publicà Policyà Unità à à I. a)à Publicà Policy:à Meaning,à Nature,à Scopeà andà Importance. b)à Theà Pioneers:Haroldà D. Lasswellà andà Yehezkelà Dror. Policyà Formulation:à Someà Modelsà a)à Systemsà Modelà b)à Groupà Modelà c)à Eliteà Modelà Theoriesà ofà Decision ââ¬âà Making:à a)à Rationalà Comprehensiveà Theoryà b)à Incrementalà Theoryà c)à Mixed ââ¬âà Scanning Unità à à II. Unità ââ¬âIII. Unità IV. Unità ââ¬âà V. Evaluationà ofà Publicà Policiesà Publicà Policiesà inà India:à a)à Industrialà Policyà b)à Agrarianà Policyà Recommendedà Textà Books:à 1. Anderson,à Jamesà E. :à Publicà Policyà makingà 2. Dye,à Thomasà R:à Underà Standingà Publicà Policyà 3. Yehzakelà Dror:à Venturesà inà Policyà Sciences:à Conceptsà andà Applications. 4. Duttà andà Sundaram:à Indianà Economyà Recommendedà Referenceà Books:à 1. Laswell,Harold. D. :à Policyà Sciences,à Internationalà Encyclopaediaà ofà Socialà Sciences. 2. Dye,à Thomasà R. :à Policyà Analysisà 3. Iraà Sharankasyà (ed. )à :à Policyà Analysisà inà Politicalà Scienceà 4. Charlesà E. Lindblomà :à Theà Policyà makingà processà 5. Danielà Lernorà andà H. D. Lasswellà :à Theà Poplicyà Sciences:à Recentà Developmentà inà Scopeà andà Methodà 6. Dià Nitto,à Dianaà M,à andà Dye,à Thomasà Rà :Socialà Welfare:à Politicsà andà Publicà Policyà 7. Francisà Ankleà :à Indiaââ¬â¢sà Politicalà Economyà 1947à 77:à Theà Gradualà Revolution. 8. Jagà Mohanà (ed. )à :à 25à yearsà ofà Indianà Independenceà 9. M. Kistaiahà :à Publicà Policyà andà Administrationà 10. Srimalà Mohanà Lalà :à Land Reformsà inà Indiaà Promiseà andà performance. 11. Rajaà Purohità A. R. (ed. )à :à Landà Reformsà inà Indiaà 12. Sharma,à B. A. V. (ed. )à :à Politicalà Economyà ofà India:à Aà Studyà ofà Landà Reforms. 13. Vijayà Joshià anà IMDà Littleà :à Indiaââ¬â¢sà Economicà Reformsà 1991à 2001à 14. Drezeà Jeepà andà Amartyà Senà (eds. )à :à Theà Politicalà Economyà ofà Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCE &à M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATION. Semesterà ââ¬âà II (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà &à M. A. Publicà Administrationà students withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03) Paperà IV. Researchà Methodology Unità à à I. :Socialà Researchà andà Methodsà 1. Traditional Methodsà 2. Scientificà Methodà 3. Importanceà ofà Socialà Researchà :à Theoryà Formationà 1. Theoryà 2. Factsà andà Valuesà 3. Conceptà Formation Unit ââ¬âà II. Unità III. Hypothesisà andà Researchà Designà 1. formationà ofà Hypothesisà 2. Testingà ofà Hypothesisà 3. Researchà Designà Unit ââ¬âà IV. Collectionà andà Analysisà ofà Dataà andà Reportà Writingà 1. Sampling,à Observation,à Interviewà andà Questionnaireà 2. Analysisà ofà Dataà 3. Reportà Writing Readingà List:à 1. W. J. Goodeà &à P. K. Hatt:à Methodsà ofà Socialà Researchà 2. Wilkinsonà &à Bhandarkar:à Methodologyà andà Techniquesà ofà Socialà Researchà 3. Paulineà Young:à Scientificà Socialà Surveys. M. A. POLITICALà SCIENCEà &à M. A. PUBLICà ADMINISTRATION Semesterà ââ¬âà II (Commonà forà bothà M. A. Politicalà Scienceà & M. A. Publicà Administrationà studentsà withà effectà fromà theà academicà yearà 2002à 03) Paperà III. Indianà Politicalà Process Unità à Ià . :à 1. Indianà Polity:à Theoreticalà Frameworkà 2. Socipà ââ¬âà Politicalà Legaciesà :à Hindu,à Britishà andà Gandhianà :à 1.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Human Identity in James Joyces The Dead Essay - 928 Words
Human Identity in The Dead nbsp; The short story, The Dead, is the final story in Dubliners, but it is characteristic of a number of previous stories. In the first story, The Sisters, a young boy is confronted with the death of an influencing figure in his life. The women in Eveline and Clay are haunted by death: Eveline, by the memory of her mother, and Maria, by the omen of her own death. A Painful Case is the story of the tragic death of a rejected woman. A dead political figure is the basis of Ivy Day in the Committee Room. All these stories revolve around characters pains and experiences with death. James Joyces The Dead exhibits the capacity of someones death to dishearten one in their future relations andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The title The Dead represents exactly that, people and their memories who have departed before the characters in the story. The dead are a subject in Gabriels speech at the dinner after the dance. Were we to brood upon them always we could not find the heart to go on, he says in respect to the deceased. The memories of Kate and Julia Morkans brother, his horse, and Parkinson, a famous singer, are all mentioned in various conversations at the dance. But, most of all, the title refers to Michael Furey, Grettas former love. The title pertains to those who most affect our lives after they are gone, The Dead. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Gabriel Conroys amiable character is exemplified by his capacity for affection and his high education. Though he considers the others at the dance to be of a different grade of culture, he has a general concern for them all. He is concious of his superior education, not wanting his speech to seem a reflection of it. He has a great love and compassion for his wife, wishing he could offer her more than their tiresome life. Rather than be angered by or misinterpreting Grettas sad situation, he comforts her and restrains from revealing his innermost feelings. Gabriel is a thoughtful, understanding husbandShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Novel Dubliners by James Joyce Essay1605 Words à |à 7 Pages In response to his publishers suggested revisions to Dubliners, James Joyce elevated his rhetoric to the nearly Evangelical [and wrote]: I seriously believe that you will retard the course of civilization in Ireland by preventing the Iris h people from having one good look in my nicely polished looking-glass1. A pivotal part of this looking-glass is Joyces representation of Dublin, which functions akin to an external unconsciousness in that a series of unrelated characters experience similarRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words à |à 4 Pages James Joyce emerged as a radical new narrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠by Joyce was written as a part of Joyceââ¬â¢s collection called ââ¬Å"The Dublinersâ⬠. Joyceââ¬â¢s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, IrelandRead MoreEssay about Literary Analysis: Clay and The Dead1336 Words à |à 6 PagesLiterary Analysis: Clay and The Dead In the fifteen Dubliners stories, city life, religion, friends and family bring hope to individuals discovering what it means to be human. Two stories stood out in James Joyceââ¬â¢s Dubliners. One story attempts to mislead readers as it is hard to follow and the other story is the most famous story in the book. In the stories ââ¬Å"Clayâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Dead,â⬠James Joyce uses escape themes to deal with the emotions of the characters, Maria and Gabriel living in the DublinRead MoreModernism Defined in T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and James Joyces The Dead1506 Words à |à 7 PagesIn fact, no one is exactly sure if the movement has even ended yet. But thatââ¬â¢s befitting of the period, as well as the pieces of literature that serve to define Modernism. Two pieces, T.S. Eliotââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockâ⬠and James Joyceââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠, are epitomes of this modernism. In both, the main characters are p aralyzed by an inability to communicate, even while speaking. Whether through Prufrockââ¬â¢s musings concerning love life, or Gabrielââ¬â¢s inability to evoke certain feelings outRead MoreJames Joyce Annotated Bibliography Essay3544 Words à |à 15 PagesJoyces modernistic view of Dublin society permeates all of his writings. The Irish experiences account for a large portion of Joyces writings. Stephen Dedalus is sometimes Joyces pseudonym and represents Joyce and his life in Joyces works. Joyce plays a crucial role in the modernist movement in literature. Some of the well known innovative techniques used by Joyce are symbolism, realism and stream-of consciousness. James Joyces writings contain autobiographical matter and display his view ofRead MoreEnglish Final1503 Words à |à 7 PagesKaitlyn Simpson W0436017 Dr. Gibson English 231-04 Archaic Lore in ââ¬Å"The Horse Dealerââ¬â¢s Daughterâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠Intro: Id texts and subject. Thesis: D.H. Lawerence and James Joyce use archaic lore in their stories ââ¬Å"The Horse Dealers Daughterâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠. Storytakes place in English midlands, four sibling late 20ââ¬â¢s sittng around family home. -- D. H. Lawrenceââ¬â¢s stories have the sense that theyââ¬â¢re ritualistic; his rough home life. He had a God awful dysfunctional family. His mom and dad wereRead More Gabriels Epiphany in The Dead by James Joyce Essay2006 Words à |à 9 PagesGabriels Epiphany in The Dead by James Joyce à à à à Many people in society feel alienated from the world and separated from their fellow man while others may try to find meaning where none exists. à In James Joyces The Dead, Gabriel Conroy faces these problems and questions his own identity due to a series of internal attacks and external factors that lead him to an epiphany about his relation to the world; this epiphany grants him a new beginning. à The progression in Gabriel from one whoRead MoreGender And Politics James Joyce s Dubliners1524 Words à |à 7 Pagesand Politics in James Joyceââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Dublinersâ⬠At the turn of the 20th century, a young Irish novelist, James Joyce, released his first collection of short stories on Irish identity and what it means to exist in Ireland. In some of his most well-known stories, you can see Joyce building a contrast between the men and the women in Irish society. One of his most well-known short stories, ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠takes a very explicit approach to gender politics as well as the idea of identity and race. My intentionRead MoreA Portrait of The Deluded Artist Essay1644 Words à |à 7 PagesFew novels capture the peculiarity of the human mind as well as James Joyceââ¬â¢s, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Frustrating and awe-inspiring at the same time, the fleeting ambiguity with which Joyce depicts Stephenââ¬â¢s character leave the reader often puzzled and asking the natural question, ââ¬Å"What is this supposed to mean?â⬠We can then remain in this state of perplexity or try to interpret the subtle clues, dispe rsed throughout the book, in hope of arriving closer to the hidden meaning ofRead MoreSmugging in the Square: Homosexuality as a Literary Device in James Joyces A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man.3689 Words à |à 15 Pagesflaw. I wish to clarify Joyceââ¬â¢s work and explain how homosexuality IS present in Portrait and does work in creating a hero. Stephan rejects possible companion after companion yet ceaselessly alludes to his constant social isolation. On Stephanââ¬â¢s definition of normal, Garry Leonard has this to say, ââ¬Å"Although Stephan strives for such a system, he also seeks relief from it, declaring all responses illegitimate except for a state he calls ââ¬Ëesthetic stasis.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Leonard, 81) Joyceââ¬â¢s decision to create ââ¬Å"such
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