The Concept of Kairos

In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They're not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you.Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they're destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary.Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. LifetimeThe span of time that measures a person’s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (k ronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time.Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as â€Å"putting in the time. †Jonathan Larsen’s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of â€Å"Seasons of Love†: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Min utes How Do You Measure – Measure A Year? In Daylights – In Sunsets In Midnights – In Cups Of Coffee In Inches – In Miles In Laughter – In Strife In – Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsen’s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time.In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the â€Å"now. † Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time.Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: O n the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery – an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer's arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer's arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving – the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success.It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Oly mpia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity).Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, â€Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his body†¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. † The statue was so magnetic people â€Å"stood speechless at the sight. † The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos:The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. † Callistratus, Descriptions 6The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation.Kairos is seen as the ora tor’s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos.Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Ari stotle noted that â€Å"kairos is a Greek word ‘with no single precise equivalent in any other language. ’† (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118).They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those â€Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respecte d for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called â€Å"The Way† (Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of â€Å"opportunity? † Here’s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, â€Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. † Others said, â€Å"He's pushing some foreign religion. † Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. â€Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,† they said. â€Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it's all about. † (It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before th is interchange, the Divine intersected the world’s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time – even kairos itself – was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defining moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 â€Å"the time† (is fulfilled)Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 â€Å"the present time† Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the times—the kairos—and respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 â€Å"the time† (of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 â€Å"the time . . . the moment† Kairos time is here.It calls for action and transformation—a change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 â€Å"the acceptable time† Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairos—a moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action.These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity – season or moment – that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity?As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, â€Å"Carpe diem,† Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, â€Å"buy up the opportunity. † The word â€Å"buy up† has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, â€Å"to take it off the market†; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good!Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St.Ignatius Loyola wrote, â€Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. † Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Father’s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclam ation, â€Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurio† (â€Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to act†), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity.It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something that’s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment.If there’s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of KairosOne doesn’t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L'Engle, best known for her children's books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos.Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, â€Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the prese nt moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. † (Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in â€Å"The Dry Salvages† Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight,The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls â€Å"knots,† those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot.In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge:It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for t he people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom.Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, â€Å"This was their finest hour. † (www. winstonchurchill. o rg) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. â€Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. â€Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once was, what might have been, and what could well be again. † (Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt)Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without c hoosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by?She was a lone Jew in a Gentile king’s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What's more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exc laims, â€Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth.They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. † (Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauron’s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, â€Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, â€Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great dee ds by any hero. † The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One.Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. It’s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which other’s experiences can be built.Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilbo’s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. That’s the way kairos moments often present themselves.Challenges, calls, â€Å"leaps of faith† into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. â€Å"I will take the Ring,† Frodo said, â€Å"though I do not know the way. † Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. â€Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,† he said, â€Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will.This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. † 9 Let’s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment.Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered.You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kair os moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Let’s tweak John Keating’s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment!Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrds’ popular, â€Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writer’s intent. The question is, â€Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? † There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a person’s life.Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us wri tes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, â€Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, God’s time – those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear.That is kairos! † (Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Life’s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, â€Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. † Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We h ave the gift of the present moment in which to live.Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment.Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes anoth er stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo.These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ‘ole years and those who were living as if the ’84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of â€Å"fan† to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you?The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not b ecome the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge.Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, â€Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. † However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coac h Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn's development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback †¦However, he wasn't able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish's return to a place among the nation's elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dame’s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, â€Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. † What was the coach’s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. I’ll worry about yo ur future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If it’s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an eternal perspective.What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage – childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections – and being responsive to the moment, appreciating â€Å"the power of now. † Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regre ts. The slate is wiped clean and He restores â€Å"in spades† that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed.Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about â€Å"buying back† (making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar.They believe with more and more faith each d ay that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to â€Å"pluck† all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; God’s hands. Jesus wasn’t stretching the truth when he said, Don’t worry about tomorrow. It is God’s design that we seek to trust Him with our future.Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus.Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human being’s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, â€Å"Carpe Diem! † But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life.But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you â€Å"Beloved,† offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pi ctures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13

Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay

I. Greek  Political  Thought   Plato:  Justice,  Ideal  State   Aristotle:  Theory  of  the  State,  Revolutions II. Medieval  and  Early  Modern  Political  Thought   Church  and  the  State:  St. Augustine   Marsilio  of  Padua   Nicolo  Machiavelli:  State  and  Statecraft I. Social  Contract  Theory   Thomas  Hobbes:  Human  Nature,  Sovereignty   John  Locke:  Theory  of  Property,  Consent  and  Government   J. J. Rousseau:  Popular  Sovereignty II. Idealism   Immanuel  Kant:  Ethics  and  Politics   G. W. F. Hegel:  State  and  Civil  Society   T. H. Green:  Theory  of  Rights. Recommended  Books:   Sukhbir  Singh,  History  of  Political  Thought   G. H. Sabine,  A  History  of  Political  Theory V. Krishna  Rao,  Paschatya  Rajaniti  Tatvavicharamu  (in  Telugu)   John  Plamenatz,  Man  and  Society   Ernest  Barker, The  Political  Thought  of  Plato  and  Aristotle   C. B. Macpherson,  The  Political  Theory  of  Possessive  Individualism M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   students  with  effect  from  the  Ã‚  academic  year  2002 ­03)   PAPER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  II:  ADMINISTRATIVE  THEORY  (Classical). Unit  I. a). Introduction:  Public  Administration  ­Ã‚  Meaning,  Scope  and  Significance. b). Woodrow  Wilson:  Politics  and  Administration  dichotomy. Unit  II. a). Henri  Fayol:  Functionalism   b). F. W. Taylor:  Scientific  Management  Theory   Unit  III:  a). Luther  Gulick  and  Lyndal  Urwick:  Administrative  Management  Theory. b). Max  Weber  :  Bureaucratic  Model. Unit  IV:  a). Mary  Parker  Follet:  Conflict  Resolution   b). Chester  Barnard:  Neo ­Classical  Model Readings: 1. Prasad  R  and  Others(eds)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Administrative  Thinkers,  (Telugu  /  English)   nd   2   Edition,  Sterling,  New  Delhi. 2. S. P. Naidu  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Public  Administration:  Theories  and  Concepts,   New   Age   International   Publications,   Hyderabad,   1996. 3. Hoshiar  Singh  &  Pradeep   Sachdeva  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Administrative  Theory,  Kitab  Mahal,   New  Delhi,  1999. 4. Fred  Luthans  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Organisational  Behaviour. Students   are   required   to   consult   relevant   articles   from   journals   relating   to   public   administration  especially  the  Indian  Journal  of  Public  Administration M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I   (Common  for  both  Ã‚  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   students  with  effect  from the  Ã‚  academic  year  2002 ­03)   PAPER  III:  INDIAN  CONSTITUTION UNIT  Ã‚  I  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (a)  Making  of  the  Indian  Constitution –  Basic  Foundations  of  Indian   Constitution   (b)  Salient  Features  Ã‚  of  Indian  Constitution UNIT  II  :  Ã‚  (a)  Ã‚  Fundamental  Rights  and  Directive  Principles  of  State  Policy   (b)  Centre  ­ State  Relations UNIT  III  :  Ã‚  (a)  Ã‚  Union  Government  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Parliament,  President,  Prime  Minister   and  Cabinet   (b)   Supreme  Court  and  Judicial  Review. UNIT  IV  :   (a)  Ã‚  Provisions  for  the  Welfare  of  Weaker  Sections   (b)   Reviewing  of  the  Constitution –  Sarkaria  Ã‚  Commission   and  Constitutional  Review  Commission Reference  Books:   1. Granville  Austin    ­Ã‚   The  Indian  Constitution –  Corner  Stone  of  the   Nation   2. D. D. Basu    ­Ã‚   Introduction  to  the  Constitution  of  India   3. Morris ­Jones,  W. H.  ­Ã‚   The  Government  and  Politics  of  India   4. Kothari,  R    ­Ã‚   Politics  in  India   5. V. D. Mahajan    ­Ã‚   Indian  Constitution   6. J. C. Johari    ­Ã‚   Indian  Constitution M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   students  with  effect  from  the  Ã‚  academic  year  2002 ­03)   PAPER  IV:  Ã‚  GOVERNMENT  AND  POLITICS  IN  ANDHRA  PRADESH UNIT  I:   a). Approaches  to  the  Study  of  State  Government  and  Politics. b). Political  History of  the  State ­Formation  of  Andhra  Pradesh. UNIT  II:   a)  Constitutional  Structures   b)  Political  Parties   UNIT  III:  a). Sub ­Regional  Movements:  Separate  Telangana  Movement  and  Jai  And hara   Movement. b). Peasant  Movements:  Telangana  Armed  Struggle  and  Naxalite  Movement. UNIT  IV:  a). Public  Sector  and  Politics  of  Subsidy   b). Liberalization. BOOKS  RECOMMENDED: 1. Myron  Weiner  (ed. )   2. Iqbal  Narain   3. Reddy  &  Sharma(eds. )   4. V. Hanumantha  Rao   5. K. V. Narayana  Rao   6. Sri  Prakash   7. S. C. Kashyap   8. Ashok  Sen   9. Babulal  Fadia   10. B. A. V. Sharma   11. Barry  Pavier   12. G. Ram  Reddy State  Politics  in  India.  ­Ã‚  State  Politics  in India.  ­State   Government   &   Politics   in   A. P. .    ­Ã‚  Party  Politics  in  Andhra  Pradesh.  ­Ã‚  Emergence  of  Andhra  Pradesh.  ­Ã‚  State  Governors  in  India.  ­Ã‚   Politics   of   Defections:   A   Study   of   State   Politics   in   India.  ­Ã‚  Role  of  Governors  in  the  Emerging  Patterns  of   Center ­ State  Relations  in  India.  ­Ã‚  State  Politics  in  India.  ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  India.  ­Ã‚  Telangana  Movement  1944 ­51.  ­Panchayati  Raj  and  Rural  Development  in  A. P M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   students  with  effect  from  the  Ã‚  academic  year  2002 ­03) PAPER  V  a  (OPTIONAL):  POLITICAL  INSTITUTIONS  AND  IDEAS  IN  ANCIENT  INDIA UNIT  Ã‚  Ã‚  I:   Political  Ideas  in  the  early  period   a)  Samhitas  and  Brahmanas   b)  Principal  Upanishads. UNIT  Ã‚  II:   Political  ideas  in  Dharmasastras   a)  Apatstambha,  Yagnovalkya  and  Manu. b)  Mahabharata. UNIT  III:  Political  Ideas  in  Anti  ­Ã‚  Vedic  Literature. a)  Early  Buddhist  Literature. b)  Early  Jain  Literature. UNIT  IV:   Technical  Works  on  Polity. a)   Predecessors  of  Kautilya. b)   Kautilya’s  Arthasastra. BOOOKS  REOMMENDED:   1. Cambridge  History  of  India,  vol. I. 2. Ghoshal   3. Jayaswal   4. Rangaswami  Aiyanagar   5. Bandopadhyaya   6. Kane,  P. V. 7. D. Machenzie  Brown   8. Spellman   9. Altaker,  A. S. 10. Saletore,  B. A. History  of  Hindu  Political  Theory    ­Ã‚  Hindu  Polity    ­Ã‚  Rajadharma    ­Ã‚  Development  of  Hindu  Political  Theories     History  of  Dharma  Sastra,  Vol. III    ­Ã‚  The  White  Umbrella    ­Ã‚  The  Political  Theory  of  Ancient  India    ­Ã‚  State  and  Government  in  Ancient  India    ­Ã‚  Ancient  Indian  Political  Thought  and  Institutions M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   Students  with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03)   PAPER  V  b  (OPTIONAL):  WOMEN  AND  POLITICS   Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I:   THEORITICAL  APPROACHES   i)   Political  Phil   ii)   osophers  on  Women:  Plato,  Aristotle  Rousseau,   J. S. Mill  and  Karl  Marx   iii)   Liberal  and  Radical  Approaches   iv)   Mary  Woolstone  Craft  and  Simon  de  Beauvoir   WOMEN  AND  THE  INDIAN  STATE   i)   Indian  Constitution  and  Women   ii)   Committee  on  the  Status  of  Women  ­Ã‚  1975   iii)   National  Policies  on  Women   WOMEN  AND  POLITICAL  PARTICIPATION   i)   Women  and  Nationalist  Movement   ii)   Women’s  Electoral  Participation  ­Ã‚  Trends  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  National  and  State   iii)   Women’s  Movement  in  India  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Perspectives  and  Strategies   RESERVATION  Ã‚ ­ THE  EXPERIENCE  OF  PANCHAYATI  RAJ   i)   The  Debate  on  Women’s  Reservation   rd   th   ii)   73   and  74   Constitutional  Amendments   iii)   Lessons  from  the  Experience. Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  II: Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III: Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  IV: READING  LIST:   1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvet  John,  Feminism  ­Ã‚  Modern  Ideologies  Series,  J. M. Devt  &  Sons  London,  1982   Eva  Figes,  Patriarchal  Attitudes  Women  in  Society,  New  Delhi:  Macmillan,  1985 .   Agnew  Vijay, Elite  Women  in  Indian  Politics,  Vikas,  New  Delhi,  1979. Susheela  Kaushik, (ed. ),  Women’s  Participation  in  Politics. Diana  Coole,  Women  in  Political  Theory. Simon  de  Beauvoir,  The  Second  Sex. Vicky  Randall  :  Women  and  Politics,  Macmillan,  London,  1982. Government  of  India,   Ministry  of  Education  and   Social   Welfare:  Towards  Equality:   Report  of  the  Committee  on  the  Status  of  Women,  New  Delhi,  1974. 9. Geraldine  Forbes:  Women  in  Modern  India,  New  Delhi,  Cambridge  University  Press,   1996. 10. Veena  Mazumdar  (ed. )  ,  Symbols  of  Power. 11. Issues  of  Panchayati  Raj  ­Ã‚  Update  ­ Institute  of  Social  Sciences,  New  Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  and  M. A. Public  Administration   Students  with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2006 ­07)   PAPER  V  b  (OPTIONAL):  WOMEN  AND  POLITICS   Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  I:   THEORITICAL  APPROACHES   i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient  Political  Philosophers  on  Women –  Plato,  Aristotle   Rousseau. ii)   Modern  Liberal  Thinkers: ­Ã‚   Mary  Woostonecraft,  J. S. Mill   iii)   Radial  thinkers  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Karl  Marx  and  Angels,  Simon  de  Beauboir,   Kate  Millet. WOMEN  AND  THE  INDIAN  STATE   i)   Indian  Constitution  and  Women   ii)   Committee  on  the  Status  of  Women  ­Ã‚  1975   iii)   National  Policies  on  Women –  1988  and  2001. WOMEN  AND  POLITICAL  PARTICIPATION   i)   Women  and  Nationalist  Movement   ii)   Women’s  Electoral  Participation  ­Ã‚  Trends  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  National  and  State   iii)   Women’s  Movement  in  India  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Perspectives  and  Strategies   RESERVATION  Ã‚ ­ THE  EXPERIENCE  IN  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT   i)The  Debate  on  Women’s  Reservation   rd   th   ii)   73   and  74   Constitutional  Amendments   iii)   Women’s  Political  participation –  problems  and  prospects. Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  II: Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III: Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  IV: READING  LIST:   1. Charvet  John,  Feminism  ­Ã‚  Modern  Ideologies  Series,  J. M. Devt  &  Sons  London,   1982   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eva  Figes,  Patriarchal  Attitudes  Women  in  Society,  New  Delhi:  Macmillan,  1985. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agnew  Vijay,  Elite  Women  in  Indian  Politics,  Vikas,  New  Delhi,  1979. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Susheela  Kaushik,  (ed. ),  Women’s  Participation  in  Politics. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diana  Coole,  Women  in  Political  Theory. 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simon  de  Beauvoir,  The  Second  Sex. 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vicky  Randall  :  Women  and  Politics,  Macmillan,  London,  1982. 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government  of  India,  Ministry  of  Education  and  Social  Welfare:  Towards  Equality:   Report  of  the  Committee  on  the  Status  of  Women,  New  Delhi,  1974. 9  Geraldine  Forbes:  Women  in  Modern  India,  New  Delhi,  Cambridge  University  Press,   1996. 10  Veena  Mazumdar  (ed. )  ,  Symbols  of  Power. 11. Issues  of  Panchayati  Raj  ­Ã‚  UPDATE  Ã‚ ­ Institute  of  Social  Sciences,  New  Delhi. M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (FROM  THE  ACADEMIC  YEAR  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I  COMPARATIVE  PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   UNIT ­I:   COMPARATIVE   PUBLIC   ADMINISTRATION   –   HISTORY   AND   CONCEPT   1. Evolution  of  Comparative  Public  Administration –  Comparative   Administration  Group  (CAG)   2. Definition,   Scope   and   Importance   of   Comparative   Public   Administration   3. Comparative  Elements  in  Earlier  Administrative  Theory. UNIT    ­ II  Ã‚  Ã‚  ? MODELS  IN  COMPARATIVE  PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   1. Bureaucratic  Model   2. Ecological  Model   3. Administrative  Systems  Model   UNIT    ­III  Ã‚  :   COMPARATIVE  ADMINISTRATIVE  SYSTEMS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . 1. Administrative  Systems  of  Developed  Nations  :  USA  and  UK   2. Administrative  Systems  of  Developing  Countries   3. Administrative  Systems  of  Communist  States   UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ IV  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  COMPARATIVE  PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION  :  RECENT  TRENDS   1. International  Administration   2. Global  Public  Administration   3. Comparative  Public  Administration:  Decline  and  Revival. Reference  Books:   Ferrel  Heady  :  Public  Administration  :  A  Comparative  Perspective   R. K. Arora  :  Comparative  Public  Administration  :  An  Ecological  Perspective   Viswanathan  :  Comparative  Public  Administration   T. N. Chaturvedi  and  V. P. Verma  (eds. )  : Comparative  Public  Administration   Ali  Farazmand  :  Handbook  of  Comparative  and  Development  Administration   Jean ­Claude   Gareia ­Zamor   and   Renu   Khator:      Public   Administration   in   the   Global   Village   7. C. V. Raghavulu   and   M. Bapuji   :   Tulanatmaka   Prabhutva   Palana,   Telugu   Academy   (in  Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã‚  II:  Ã‚  PUBLIC  PERSONNEL  ADMINISTRATION. Unit  Ã‚  I:   1. Introduction  to  Public  Personnel  Administration:  Ã‚  Meaning,  Definition   Scope  and  Significance. 2. Public  Service:   Concept  and  Role  in  Modern  State. Unit  Ã‚  II:   1. Recruitment:  Ã‚  Recruitment  and  Selection  Process,  Recruitment  Policy,   Recruitment  Methods,  Induction  and  Placement. 2. Classification:  Ã‚  Classification  of  Services:  Ã‚  Role  Classification   and  Position  Classification. Unit  Ã‚  III:   1. Man  Power  Planning/Human  Resource  Planning:   Meaning   Importance,  Supply  and  Demand  Forecast. 2. Career  Planning:  Ã‚  Meaning  and  Process,  Job  Enrichment  and   Capacity  Building. Unit  Ã‚  IV:   1. Pay  and  Service  Conditions:  Ã‚  Pay  Principles,  Pay  Determination   And  Pay  Commissions. 2. Discipline:  Ã‚  Conduct,  Discipline  and  Supeannuation. Reference  Books:   1. Glenn  O. Sthal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public  Personnel  Administration   2. Felix  A. Nigro  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public  Personnel  Administration   3. Pfiffner  and  Presthus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public  Administration 4. S. R. Maheswari  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indian  Administration   5. Avasthi  and  Maheswari  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public  Administration   6. Ramesh  K. Arora  and  Rajni  Goyal  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Indian  Public  Administration   7. Report  of  Administrative  Reforms  Commission  on  Personnel  Administration M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III:  INDIAN  ADMINISTRATION   Unit  Ã‚  Ã‚  I:  a). The  legacy  of  Indian  Administration  ­Ã‚  Evolution  ­Ã‚  Kautilya  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Moghal   period  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  British  period  and  Constitutional  Framework. b)  . Structure  of  Indian  Administration  :  Prime  Minister’s  role  Ã‚ ­Ã‚   Central  Secretariat  Ã‚ ­ Cabinet  Secretariat  Ã‚ ­ PMO   c). All  India  services  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  UPSC   Unit  Ã‚  II:  Ã‚  State  Administration   a). State  Secretarial  :  Chief  Secretary   State  Services. b). Role  of  District  Collector. c). Planning  Machinery  at  the  State  level  ­Ã‚  District  Planning. Unit  Ã‚  III:  Issues  of  Indian  Bureaucracy   a). Political  Executive  and  Bureaucracy   b). Indian  Bureaucracy:  A  case  for  representatives. c). The  Generalist  and  the  Specialist  in  Indian  Administration. Unit  IV:  a). Administration  of  Planning:  Planning  Commission  and  National   Development  council. b). Centre  Ã‚ ­ State  Administrative  Relations. c). People’s  Participation  in  Grassroots  Development  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Janma  Bhoomi  ­Ã‚   Micro ­Planning. Unit  V:  a). Citizen ­Ã‚  Administration  ­Ã‚  Redressal  of  Citizens’  Grievances  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Lokpal  and   Lokayukta  in  Andhra  Pradesh. b). Corruption  in  Indian  Public  Life  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Role  of  Central  Vigilance  Commission. c). Administrative  Reforms  and  innovations  in  India. Readings:   1. Ramesh  k. Arora  and  Rajni  Goyal   :  Indian  Public  Administration,   Wishwa  Prakashan,  New  Delhi,  1995. 2. Hoshiar  Singh  and  Mohinder  singh:  Public  Administration  in  India,  Sterling,   New  Delhi,  1995. 3. Hoshiar  Singh   :  Indian  Administration   4. R. B. Jain   :  Contemporary  issues  in  Indian   Administration,  Vishal,  Delhi,  1976. 5. Haridwar  Rai  and  S. P. Singh   :  Current  Ideas  and  issues  in  Public   Administration,   th   6. S. R. Maheswari   :  Indian  Administration  (5   Edition)   7. J. C. Johari   :  Indian  Political  System. 8. Hariharadas   :  Political  System  of  India. Students  are  required  to  consult  relevant  articles   from   journals  relating  to  public   administration  especially  the  Indian  Journal  of  Public  Administration M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  IV  Ã‚  PANCHAYATI  RAJ  IN  INDIA UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION   1. Definition,  Scope  and  Importance  of  Local  ­Ã‚  Self  Government. 2. History  of  Rural  Local –  Self  Government  in  India  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ancient,  Medieval   and  British  Periods. UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  PANCHAYATI  RAJ  SYSTEM  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ NATIONAL  PERSPECTIVE   rd   Genesis  and  Development  of  Panchayati  Raj –  Significance  of  73   Constitutional  Ã‚  Amendment  Act   2. Board  Pattern  of  Panchayati  Raj  System –  Structure  and  Function   1. UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  PANCHAYATI  RAJ  SYSTEM  IN  ANDHRA  PRADESH   1. Important  Ã‚  Features  of  the  A. P. Panchayati  Raj  Act  of  1994. 2. Functioning  of  Panchayati  Raj  Institutions. UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  IV  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  PANCHAYATI  RAJ  SYSTEM:  IMPORTANT  AREAS   1. Panchayati  Raj  Finances  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Role  of  State  Finance  Commission   2. Panchayati Raj –  State  Relations Reference  Books:   1. S. R. Maheswari  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Local  Government  in  India   2. G. Ram  Reddy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patterns  of  Pancharati  Raj. 3. B. S. Khanna  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Panchayati  Raj   in  India   4. M. Bapuji   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tulanaatmaka  Sthaanika  Prabhutwalu   (Comparative  Local  Governments)  in  Telugu,  Telugu M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  V. a  (Optional)  POLICE  ADMINISTRATION UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION   1. Nature  and  Importance  Police  Administration   2. Origin  and  Growth  of  Police  Administration  Ã‚  in  India   3. Police  Administration  in  Andhra  Pradesh:  Salient  Features. UNIT    ­Ã‚  11  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  STRUCTURE  OF  POLICE  ADMINISTRATION   1. Police  Administration  at  Central  Level   2. Police  Administration  at  State  and  District  Levels   3. Police  Administration  at  Cutting  Edge. UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  HUMAN  RESOURCE  ASPECTS  OF  POLICE  ADMINISTRATION   1. Recruitment  and  Training   2. Morale  and  Motivation   3. Police  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  Code  of  Conduct  and  Disciplinary  Rules. UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  IV  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  SOME  IMPORTANT  ISSUES   1. Public  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Police  Relations   2. Reforms  in  Police  Administration   3. Police  and  Trade  Union  Rights Reference  Books:   1. R. K. Bhardwaj  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Indian  Police  Administration   2. Girija  Shah  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Modern  Police  Administration   3. S. Sen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Police  in  Democratic  State   4. J. Singh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Inside  Indian  Police   5. Favrean,  Donald   and  Gillespic,  Joseph  E. ,  Modern  Police  Administration M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   SEMESTER  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  2004)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  V. b(Optional)  SOCIAL  WELFARE  Ã‚  ADMINISTRATION UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  1  :  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION   1. Concepts  of  Welfare  and  Social  Welfare   2. Meaning,  Scope  and  Importance  of  Social  Welfare  Administration   UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II  :  Ã‚  SOCIAL  WELFARE  ADMINISTRATION  IN  INDIA   1. Social  Welfare  Ã‚  Policies  of  Government  of  India   2. Structure   of   Social   Welfare   Administration   at   the   Centre,   State   and   District  levels   UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III  :  Ã‚  WELFARE  SCHEMES  AND  PROGRAMMES  CONCERNING   1. Scheduled  Castes  and  Scheduled  Tribes   2. Women  and  Children   UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  IV  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  AGENCIES  OF  SOCIAL  WELFARE   1. Governmental  Agencies   2. Non ­Governmental  Agencies. Reference  Books:   1. T. S. Simey   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Principles  of  Social  Administration   2. Paul  D. Chowdury   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social  Welfare  Administration  in  India   3. F. W. Reid   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social  Welfare  Administration   4. Walter  A. Forieldlander   :  Ã‚  Introduction  to  Social  Welfare. M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  I  Ã‚  COMPARATIVE  Ã‚  POLITICS   UNIT. I  :  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION   1. Meaning,  Nature  and  Scope  of  Comparative  Politics   2. Growth  of  the  Study  of  Comparative  Politics   3. Major  Approaches  to  Comparative  Politics   UNIT. II  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT  AND  POLITICAL  DEPENDENCY   1. Concept  of  Development  Syndrome  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Lucian  Pye   2. Centre ­Periphery –  Third  World  Perspective   3. Origin  and  Relevance  of  Dependency  Theory   UNIT. III  :  Ã‚  POLITICAL  IDEOLOGY  AND  PARTY  SYSTEMS   1. Political  Ideology:  Meaning,  Nature  and  General  Characteristics   2. Ideologies  of  Liberalism,  Fascism  and  Marxism   3. Nature,  Functions  and  Typology  of  Party  Systems   UNIT. IV  :  Ã‚  CONSTITUTINALISM   1. Meaning  and  Development  of  the  Term   2. Constitutionalism  in  the  West  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ England,  France  and  America   3. Problems  and  Prospects  of Constitutionalism  in  Developing  Countries Reading  List:   1. Gabriel  Almond  and  Bingham  Powell  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Comparative  Politics:  A  Development   Approach   2. Lucian  Pye   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aspects  of  Political  Development   3. J. C. Johari  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparative  Politics   4. Howard,  J. Wiarda  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New  Directions  in  Comparative  Politics   5. Mortan R. Davies  &  Vaugham  A. Lewis:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Models  of  Political  System   6. S. N. Ray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modern  Comparative  Politics   7. Gwendolen  Carter  &  John  H. Herz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government  and  Politics  in  the  Twentieth   Century   8. Samuel,  H. Beer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modern  Political  Development M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04) PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II  APPROACHES  AND  THEORY  IN  INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS UNIT. I  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction  :  Ã‚  The  Nature  of  International  Relations   b)  Ã‚  Normative  Approaches,  Ã‚  Structuralism  and  Neo ­Realism   UNIT. II  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power,  Influence  and  Authority,  Realistic  Theory   b)   Decision –  Making  Analysis   UNIT. III  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a)   Systems  Approach   b)   Commun ication  Theory   UNIT  . IV  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Integration  Theory,  Marxist  Perspective   b)   Peace  Research Reference  Books:   1. Bull  H   :   International   Theory:   The   Case   for   Classical   Approach,  World  Politics   2. Knorr,  K,,  &  Rosenau,  J. N. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contending  Approaches  to  International  Politics   3. Clude,  I. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power  and  International  Relations   4. Herz,  J. H. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  International  Politics  in  Atomic  Age   5. Kaplan,  M. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  System  and  Process  in  International  Politics   5. Trevor   Taylor(ed. )                                                                           :         Approaches   and   Theory   in   International   Relations   6. Margot  Light  and  A. J. R. Groom  :  Ã‚  International  Relations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  A  Handbook  of  Current   Theory M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04)   PAPER  III:  MODERN  POLITICAL  THEORY   Introductory   The  Nature  of  Political  Theory   Influence  of  Positivism  on  Political  Theory   Empirical  Political  Theory   Perspectives  on  the  Modern  State:  Liberal  and  Marxist   Central  Concepts  Related  to  the  Modern  State   Legitimacy:  Legitimation  Crisis  of  the  Modern  State   Rights:  Natural  Rights,  Welfare  Rights   Liberty:  Negative  and  Positive  Liberty? Marxian  Notion  of  Liberty   Justice:  Different  Conceptions   New  Directions   Post  Modernism:  Michel  Foucault  on  Power   Feminist  Perspectives  on  Patriarchy  and  Power   Communitarianism   Issues  and  Ideas  in  Contemporary  Political  Theory End  of  History:  Francis  Fukuyama   Clash  of  Civilizations:  Samuel  Huntington   Third  Way:  Anthony  Giddens   Post ­Liberalism:  John  Gray Recommended  Books:   S. P. Varma,  Modern  Political  Theory   Madan  G. Gandhi,  Modern  Political  Theory   J. C. Johari,  Contemporary  Political  Theory   III. David  Miller,  Social  Justice   Robert  Dahl,  Modern  Political  Analysis   N. Barry,  An  Introduction  to  Modern  Political  Theory   Michael  Freeden,  Rights   Zygmunt  Bauman,  Freedom   David  Held,  Political  Theory  and  the  Modern  State   Andrew  Vincent,  Theories  of  the  State   Vidhu  Varma,  Justice,  Equality  and  Community:  An  Essay  in  Marxist  Theory   Michel  Foucault,  Power/Knowledge   Diana  Coole,  Women  in  Political  Theory   Francis  Fukuyama,  The  End  of  History  and  the  Last  Man   Samuel  J. Huntington,  The  Clash  of  Civilizations  and  the  Remaking  of  World  Order   Anthony  Giddens,  The  Third  Way   John  Gray,  Post ­liberalism:  Studies  in  Political  Thought M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  IV:  MODERN  INDIAN  POLITICAL  THOUGHT UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  1  :  Ã‚  Foundations  Ã‚  of  Modern  Indian  Political  Thought   1. Rammohan  Roy   2. Dayananda  Saraswati   3. Bala  Gangadhara  Tilak   UNIT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II  :  Ã‚  Gandhian  Thought   1. Non ­Ã‚  Violence  and  Satyagraha   2. Relationship  between  Means  and  Ends. 3. Concept  of  State  and  Government. UNIT  Ã‚ ­Ã‚   III  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socialist  and  Humanist  Thought   1. Ram  Manohar  Lohia   2. Jawaharlal  Nehru   3. M. N. Roy   UNIT    ­ IV  :  Ã‚  Problem  of  Minorities  and  Backward  Social  Groups   1. M. A. Jinnah   2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, General  Readings:   1. Sankar  Ghose  ,  Modern  Indian  Political  Thought   2. O. P. Goyal? Studies  in  Modern  Indian  Political  Thought   3. G. N. Sarma  and  Moin  Shakir,  Politics  and  Society:  Ã‚  Ram  Mohan  Roy  to  Nehru   4. V. P. Varma,  Modern  Indian  Political  Thought Recommended  Readings:   th   1. A. Appadorai,  Indian  Political  Thinking  in  the  20   Century  from  Naoroji  to  Nehru   2. O. P. Goyal,  Contemporary  Indian  Political  Thought   3. A. M. Zaidi,  Encylopaedia  of  Indian  National  Congress  (Students  should  refer   relevant  sections  in  Ã‚  different  Volumes)   4. Bipin  Chandra,  Nationalism  and  Colonialism  in  Modern  India   5. A. R. Desai,  Social  Backward  of  Indian  Nationalism   6. Thomas  Pantham  and  Deutsch,  Modern  Political  Thought  in  India   7. K. P. Karunakaran,  Democracy  in  India M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  V. a  (Optional):  DIPLOMACY   UNIT  Ã‚  I  :   1. The  Nature  and  Origins  of  Modern  Diplomacy. 2. The  Development  of  Diplomatic  Theory   UNIT  Ã‚  II  :  1. The  Transition  from  Old  Diplomacy  to  New  Diplomacy   2. Democratic  Diplomacy   UNIT  Ã‚  III  :  1. Recent  Changes  in  Diplomatic  Practice   2. Points  of  Diplomatic  Procedure   UNIT  Ã‚  IV  :  1. Propaganda  and  Diplomacy   2. Diplomacy  in  the  UN Reference  Books:   1. Bailey,  Sydney  B. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  The  General  Assembly  of  the  United  Nations,  Stevens   2. Bowles,  Chester. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ambassador’s  Report,  NY,  Haper   3. Briggs,  Hebert  W. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  The  Law  of  Nations,  NY,  Appleton ­Century ­Crofts   4. Carr,  E. H. :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The  Twenty  Years  of  Crisis,  London,  Macmillan   5. Huddleston  Sisley  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Popular  Diplomacy  and  War,  Peterborough   6. Krishna  Murthy,  G. V. G:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dynamics  of  Diplomacy,  National  Publishing  House,   New  Delhi   7. Nicolson  Harold  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diplomacy,  London,  Oxford  University  Press   8. Plischke,  Elmer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summit  Diplomacy,  Maryland   9. Satow  Sir  Ernest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A  Guide  to  Diplomatic  Practice,  Longmans M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE   SEMESTER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  III   (From  the  academic  year  2003 ­04)   PAPER  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  V  b  (Optional):  POLITICAL  ECONOMY UNIT ­Ã‚  I:   Theories  of  Political  Economy? a)  Classical  Political  Economy  ­Ã‚  Adam  Smith  and  David  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ricardo. b)  Marxian  Political  Economy. UNIT  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  II:  a)  Theories  of  Underdevelopment  Ã‚ ­ A. G. Frank,  Samir  Amin. b)   Liberalization  and  its  Implications  for  National  Economies. UNIT ­Ã‚   III:  a)  Impact  of  Colonial  Rule  on  Indian  Economy. b)  Indian  Economy:  Important  Features. UNIT ­IV:   a)  State  Directed  Economy. b)  Structural  Adjustment. BOOKS  RECOMMENDED:   1. Koxlou,  G. A. 2. Afanasye,  L. 3. Bardan,  Pranab   4. Howard,  M. C. 5. Bagchi,  A. K. 6. Frankel  & Frankel   7. Amartya  Sen   8. Robert  Lucas  and  Gustav   Planack   9. Ranjit  Sau   10. C. T. Kurein   11. D. J. Byres   12. Micheal  Clossudosky   13. Partha  Chatterje   14. B. A. V. Sharma    ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  Socialism    ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  Capitalism    ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  Development  in  India    ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  Marx    ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  Under  Development.  ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  India,  1947 ­77.  ­Ã‚  Commodities  and  Capabilities.  ­Ã‚  Indian  Economy:  Recent  Developments  and  Future  Prospect.  ­Ã‚  Indian  Economic  Development.  ­Ã‚  Globalisation  and  Indian  Economy.  ­Ã‚  The  State  Development  Planning  and  Liberalisation  in  India.  ­Ã‚  The  Globalisation  of  Poverty.  ­Ã‚  State  and  Politics  in  India.  ­Ã‚  Political  Economy  of  India. M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  &  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION Semester  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  &  M. A. Public  Administration  students   with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03) Paper  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ II  :  Western  Political  Thought  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ II. 1. Liberalism   Adam  Smith:  Political  Economy   Jeremy  Benthan:  Principle  of  Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty,  Representative  Government   2. Contemporary  Ã‚  Liberalism   F. A. Hayek  on  Liberty   Robert  Nozick:  Minimal  State   John  Rawis:  Theory  of  Justice   3. Socialism   Early  Socialists:  Saint  Simon  and  Robert  Owen   Marl  Marx:  Critique  of  Capitalism,  Revolution   Antonio  Gramsci:  Civil  Society  and  Hegemony   4. Revisions  to  Socialism   Revisions  to  Marxism:  Eduard  Bemstein   Critical  theory:  Herbert  Marcuse   Post ­Marxism:  Emesto  Laclau   Recent  Trends  in  Socialist  Theory. Recommended  Books:   Sukhabir  Singh,  History  of  Political  Thought   G. H. Sabine,  A  History  of  Political  Theory   Anthony  Crespigny  and  Kenneth  Minlgue,  Contemporary  Political  Philosophers   Bhiku  Parekh,  Contemporary  Political  Thinkers   V. Krishna  Rao,  Paschatya  Rajaniti  Tatvavicharamu  (in  Telugu)   Robert  Nozick,  Anarchy,  State  and  Utopia   John  Gray,  Liberalism   Bernard  Crick,  Socialism   David  Held,  An  Introduction  to  Critical  Theory   Roger  Simon,  Gramsd’s  Political  Thought:  An  Introduction   Emesto Laciau,  Reflections  on  the  Revolution  of  Our  Time   David  Muller,  Market,  Sate  and  Community   G. A. Cohen,†Is  There  Still  a  Case  for  Socialism† M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  &  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION Semester  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  &  M. A. Public  Administration  students   with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03) Paper  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ II  :  Contemporary  Administrative  Theory Unit  ­Ã‚   I. a)  Elton  Mayo:  Human  Relations  Theory   b)  Herbert  A  Simon:  Decision  Making  Theory   a)  Motivation  Theory:  Abraham  Maslow –  Hierarchy  of  Needs   b)  Frederck  Herzberg:  Motivation  _  Hygiene  Theory   a)  Douglas  McGregor:  Theory  Ã¢â‚¬ËœX’  and  Theory  Ã¢â‚¬ËœY’   b)  Chris  Argynis:  Integration  Between  the  individual  and  the  organization. Unit –  II. Unit ­ III. Unit ­IV. a)  Rensis  Likert:  Management  Systems   b)  Theories  of  Leadership  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Michigan  Studies,  Chio  State  Leadership   Studies,  Group  Dynamics,  Managerial  Grid  and  Contingency  Model. Unit  ­Ã‚   V. a)  Policy  Analysis:  Yehzkel  Dror. b)  New  Public  Administration:  Minnobrook  Perspective. Readings:   1. Prasad  R  and  Others  (ed)   2. S. P. Naidu   :  Administrative  Thinkers(Telugu  /  English)   :  Public  Administration:  Theories  and  Concepts. New  Age  International  Publications,  Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiar  Singh  &  Pradeep   :  Administrative  Theory,  Kitab  Mahal,   Sachdeva. New  Delhi,1999. 4. Fred  Luthans   :  Organizational  Behavior   5. Likert  R. ,   :  New  Patterns  of  Management   6. Argyris  C. :  Personality  and  Organization   7. Prank  Marini   :  New  Public  Administration.  · Students  are  required  to  consult  relevant  articles  from  journals  relating  to  public  administration   especially  the  Indian  Journal  of  Public  Administration. M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  &  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION   Semester  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II   (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  &  M. A. Public  Administration  students   with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03) Paper  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ III  :  Public  Policy   Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚   I. a)  Public  Policy:  Meaning,  Nature,  Scope  and  Importance. b)  The  Pioneers:Harold  D. Lasswell  and  Yehezkel  Dror. Policy  Formulation:  Some  Models   a)   Systems  Model   b)   Group  Model   c)   Elite  Model   Theories  of  Decision –  Making:   a)   Rational  Comprehensive  Theory   b)   Incremental  Theory   c)   Mixed –  Scanning Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚   II. Unit  Ã¢â‚¬â€œIII. Unit ­IV. Unit  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  V. Evaluation  of  Public  Policies   Public  Policies  in  India:   a)   Industrial  Policy   b)   Agrarian  Policy   Recommended  Text  Books:   1. Anderson,  James  E. :  Public  Policy  making   2. Dye,  Thomas  R:  Under  Standing  Public  Policy   3. Yehzakel  Dror:  Ventures  in  Policy  Sciences:  Concepts  and  Applications. 4. Dutt  and  Sundaram:  Indian  Economy   Recommended  Reference  Books:   1. Laswell,Harold. D. :  Policy  Sciences,  International   Encyclopaedia  of  Social  Sciences. 2. Dye,  Thomas  R. :  Policy  Analysis   3. Ira  Sharankasy  (ed. )   :  Policy  Analysis  in  Political  Science   4. Charles  E. Lindblom   :  The  Policy  making  process   5. Daniel  Lernor  and  H. D. Lasswell   :  The  Poplicy  Sciences:  Recent   Development  in  Scope  and  Method   6. Di  Nitto,  Diana  M,  and  Dye,  Thomas  R   :Social  Welfare:  Politics  and  Public  Policy   7. Francis  Ankle   :  India’s  Political  Economy  1947 ­77:  The   Gradual  Revolution. 8. Jag  Mohan  (ed. )   :  25  years  of  Indian  Independence   9. M. Kistaiah   :  Public  Policy  and  Administration   10. Srimal  Mohan  Lal   :  Land Reforms  in  India  Promise  and   performance. 11. Raja  Purohit  A. R. (ed. )   :  Land  Reforms  in  India   12. Sharma,  B. A. V. (ed. )   :  Political  Economy  of  India:  A  Study  of   Land  Reforms. 13. Vijay  Joshi  an  IMD  Little   :  India’s  Economic  Reforms  1991 ­2001   14. Dreze  Jeep  and  Amarty  Sen  (eds. )   :  The  Political  Economy  of  Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE &  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION. Semester  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  &  M. A. Public  Administration  students with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03) Paper ­IV. Research  Methodology Unit  Ã‚ ­Ã‚   I. :Social  Research  and  Methods   1. Traditional Methods   2. Scientific  Method   3. Importance  of  Social  Research   :  Theory  Formation   1. Theory   2. Facts  and  Values   3. Concept  Formation Unit –  II. Unit ­III. Hypothesis  and  Research  Design   1. formation  of  Hypothesis   2. Testing  of  Hypothesis   3. Research  Design   Unit –  IV. Collection  and  Analysis  of  Data  and  Report  Writing   1. Sampling,  Observation,  Interview  and  Questionnaire   2. Analysis  of  Data   3. Report  Writing Reading  List:   1. W. J. Goode  &  P. K. Hatt:  Methods  of  Social  Research   2. Wilkinson  &  Bhandarkar:  Methodology  and  Techniques  of  Social  Research   3. Pauline  Young:  Scientific  Social  Surveys. M. A. POLITICAL  SCIENCE  &  M. A. PUBLIC  ADMINISTRATION Semester  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  II (Common  for  both  M. A. Political  Science  & M. A. Public  Administration  students   with  effect  from  the  academic  year  2002 ­03) Paper ­III. Indian  Political  Process Unit ­Ã‚   I   . :  1. Indian  Polity:  Theoretical  Framework   2. Socip  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Political  Legacies  :  Hindu,  British  and  Gandhian   :  1.

Human Identity in James Joyces The Dead Essay - 928 Words

Human Identity in The Dead nbsp; The short story, The Dead, is the final story in Dubliners, but it is characteristic of a number of previous stories. In the first story, The Sisters, a young boy is confronted with the death of an influencing figure in his life. The women in Eveline and Clay are haunted by death: Eveline, by the memory of her mother, and Maria, by the omen of her own death. A Painful Case is the story of the tragic death of a rejected woman. A dead political figure is the basis of Ivy Day in the Committee Room. All these stories revolve around characters pains and experiences with death. James Joyces The Dead exhibits the capacity of someones death to dishearten one in their future relations and†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The title The Dead represents exactly that, people and their memories who have departed before the characters in the story. The dead are a subject in Gabriels speech at the dinner after the dance. Were we to brood upon them always we could not find the heart to go on, he says in respect to the deceased. The memories of Kate and Julia Morkans brother, his horse, and Parkinson, a famous singer, are all mentioned in various conversations at the dance. But, most of all, the title refers to Michael Furey, Grettas former love. The title pertains to those who most affect our lives after they are gone, The Dead. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Gabriel Conroys amiable character is exemplified by his capacity for affection and his high education. Though he considers the others at the dance to be of a different grade of culture, he has a general concern for them all. He is concious of his superior education, not wanting his speech to seem a reflection of it. He has a great love and compassion for his wife, wishing he could offer her more than their tiresome life. Rather than be angered by or misinterpreting Grettas sad situation, he comforts her and restrains from revealing his innermost feelings. Gabriel is a thoughtful, understanding husbandShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Novel Dubliners by James Joyce Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages In response to his publishers suggested revisions to Dubliners, James Joyce elevated his rhetoric to the nearly Evangelical [and wrote]: I seriously believe that you will retard the course of civilization in Ireland by preventing the Iris h people from having one good look in my nicely polished looking-glass1. A pivotal part of this looking-glass is Joyces representation of Dublin, which functions akin to an external unconsciousness in that a series of unrelated characters experience similarRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages James Joyce emerged as a radical new narrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. â€Å"The Dead† by Joyce was written as a part of Joyce’s collection called â€Å"The Dubliners†. Joyce’s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, IrelandRead MoreEssay about Literary Analysis: Clay and The Dead1336 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis: Clay and The Dead In the fifteen Dubliners stories, city life, religion, friends and family bring hope to individuals discovering what it means to be human. Two stories stood out in James Joyce’s Dubliners. One story attempts to mislead readers as it is hard to follow and the other story is the most famous story in the book. In the stories â€Å"Clay† and â€Å"The Dead,† James Joyce uses escape themes to deal with the emotions of the characters, Maria and Gabriel living in the DublinRead MoreModernism Defined in T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and James Joyces The Dead1506 Words   |  7 PagesIn fact, no one is exactly sure if the movement has even ended yet. But that’s befitting of the period, as well as the pieces of literature that serve to define Modernism. Two pieces, T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† and James Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead†, are epitomes of this modernism. In both, the main characters are p aralyzed by an inability to communicate, even while speaking. Whether through Prufrock’s musings concerning love life, or Gabriel’s inability to evoke certain feelings outRead MoreJames Joyce Annotated Bibliography Essay3544 Words   |  15 PagesJoyces modernistic view of Dublin society permeates all of his writings. 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In some of his most well-known stories, you can see Joyce building a contrast between the men and the women in Irish society. One of his most well-known short stories, â€Å"The Dead† takes a very explicit approach to gender politics as well as the idea of identity and race. My intentionRead MoreA Portrait of The Deluded Artist Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesFew novels capture the peculiarity of the human mind as well as James Joyce’s, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Frustrating and awe-inspiring at the same time, the fleeting ambiguity with which Joyce depicts Stephen’s character leave the reader often puzzled and asking the natural question, â€Å"What is this supposed to mean?† We can then remain in this state of perplexity or try to interpret the subtle clues, dispe rsed throughout the book, in hope of arriving closer to the hidden meaning ofRead MoreSmugging in the Square: Homosexuality as a Literary Device in James Joyces A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man.3689 Words   |  15 Pagesflaw. I wish to clarify Joyce’s work and explain how homosexuality IS present in Portrait and does work in creating a hero. Stephan rejects possible companion after companion yet ceaselessly alludes to his constant social isolation. On Stephan’s definition of normal, Garry Leonard has this to say, â€Å"Although Stephan strives for such a system, he also seeks relief from it, declaring all responses illegitimate except for a state he calls ‘esthetic stasis.’†(Leonard, 81) Joyce’s decision to create â€Å"such

Vegetarianism A Moral Debate - 2300 Words

Vegetarianism: A Moral Debate One of the most common moral debates is that of whether one should become vegetarian or not. Some of the factors that help tip that scale include religious practices and beliefs, environmental issues, animal rights and health issues. Vegetarianism is no longer a question of morality surrounding the maltreatment and slaughter of many innocent animals, but also on how hugely livestock production is affecting our environment. Furthermore, many people choose to become vegetarian, or quit eating certain meats, for religious purposes or in the best interest of their health. Vegetarianism, being such a large part of our current society, is met with three different reactions: acceptance, tolerance and hostility. Livestock production is one of the largest industries in the world. Forty percent of the world’s surface is used to keep everyone on the planet fed, some more than others (Walsh). One third of the earth’s arable land is used solely for the production of animal feed and more than 1.7 animals are used in livestock production worldwide (Weller). Approximately 586 million ton of milk, 124 million tons of poultry, 91 million tons of pork, 59 million tons of cattle and buffalo meat, and 11 million tons of sheep and goat meat are produced globally each year. In total that’s about 285 million tons of meat, which is about 36 kilograms of meat per person, if the products were divide completely evenly (Walsh). This is an excessively large amount ofShow MoreRelatedThe Main Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Arguments867 Words   |  4 Pages Peter Singer is a moral philosopher that approaches ethical issues from both a utilitarian and vegetarian point of view. Utilitarianism is a theory in which one’s action maximizes utility, to generate total benefit and reducing negatives. In Peter Singer’s essay, Utilitarinism and Vegetarianism, he argues that people who follow and apply the principles of utilitarianism should ultimately become vegetarians and that vegetarians should follow utilitarianism. This paper will revi ew and evaluate theRead MoreThe Feminist Theory Of Animal Studies924 Words   |  4 Pagessummarize scholars’ responses to criticisms within animal studies and feminist theory, namely concerning the questions of where vegetarianism and veganism fits within feminist theory and if feminists must ascribe to be vegetarians or vegans. While feminist theorists have not prominently explored animal studies, authors have noted discussions of animal rights and vegetarianism throughout the waves of feminism. 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Human consciousness is a well-known concept in the society that is constantly growing and changing the legal fields including abortion. Abortion is an immensely thorny debate in this society that can be taken out of concept and twisted in a way to appeal to your ethical and religious views. Some in society believe that abortion causes the fetus pain and that they can experience to the extent that we ourselves can, in otherRead MoreWhy Should You Go Vegetarian Or Vegan? Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesor vegan. Why does one choose to go vegetarian or vegan, and how the world and culture around them change when they ultimately do so? â€Å"History shows us that food consumption is steeped in morality and is a means for the practical transformation of moral and political visions into social practice... 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According to a controversial United Nations report entitled Livestocks Long Shadow (2006),â€Å"The livestock sector emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global.† For those committed to reducing their environmental impacts, one solution would be to transfer to a vegetarianRead MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ethical argument for veganism through the lens of philosophy using Utilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions of animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of other living creatures.Read MoreEssay on An Argument for Vegetarianism3824 Words   |  16 PagesAn Argument for Vegetarianism ABSTRACT: In this paper I propose to answer the age-old reductio against vegetarianism, which is usually presented in the form of a sarcastic question ( e.g., How do you justify killing and eating plants?). Addressing the question takes on special significance in the light of arguments which seem to show that even nonsentient life is intrinsically valuable. Thus, I suggest that we rephrase the question in the following manner: When beings (who are biological and

Literature Review on Tesco and Impact of Recession

Review on ‘A study to analyse whether recession has left its impact on TESCO – UK Mogal Shabana Parveen Edgehill University Date: The literature review that is being discussed includes the philosophies and the strategies adopted and the data collection methods used in order to carry out the research that is based on TESCO and whether it has an impact of recession or not. When required research into Tesco’s annual financial figures, customer’s, manager’s stems from a wide variety of different methodological approaches. In general, the study discussed in this review consists of a variety of approaches wherein they each have their own limitations and biases. Included in this review a sound research, that has its†¦show more content†¦Irrespective of whatever the strategy that is being adopted, it is essential to provide some form of the empirical evidence for the data. (reference) Exploratory research strategy is applicable to this study, which constitutes the use of case study technique. (Bryman Bell, 2006) This enables the researcher to study and understand the organization that is to be investigated. This strategy is used in market research that enables in formulating and generating the hypothesis. Here the problem and its nature must be clarified and indicated clearly. There involves the use of pilot studies. Exploratory research is cited here for utilisation mainly because it helps to formulate or develop hypothesis when the researcher knows little about the issue. Also helps to gain new ideas and insights so as to construct a new approach with respect to the problem. (Ivythesis 2010) It also helps and enables the researche r to look into the problem in an exploratory and descriptive manner. Hence exploratory research is being adopted for this study that involves the use of case study and survey strategies. Case study is used and adopted during the execution of this research study that enables to determine and to study the complexity of a single case. 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The Federal Budget Process free essay sample

Running head: The Federal Budget Process The Federal Budget Process Abstract This report focuses on the federal budget process of the United States of America. The annual federal budget begins with a detailed proposal from the President in February. The budget request is developed by the President’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Next, Congress creates a blueprint called a budget resolution that sets limits on how much each committee can spend (or reduce revenues) over the course of the year.The terms of the budget resolution are then enforced against individual appropriations, entitlement bills, and tax bills on the House and Senate floors. In addition, Congress sometimes uses a special procedure called â€Å"reconciliation† to facilitate the passage of deficit reduction legislation or other major entitlement or tax legislation. The Federal Budget Process The federal Budget of the United States of America is the President’s proposal to the Congress recommending funding levels for the next fiscal year which begins on October 1 It is through the budget that the nation chooses what areas it wishes to leave to pri vate choice and what services it wants to provide through government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Budget Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When enacted, the budget represents the decisions of the Nation’s elected representatives as to which governmental services should be provided at the Federal rather than the State or local level (Mikesell, 2011; Myers, Rumburg, Johnson, 1989). The basic law governing the content of the president’s budget is the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 (Posner, 2009).This law not only created the requirement for the president’s budget, but set in motion ever-increasing demands for information to support the preparation and packaging of the president’s budget. Further, by the creation of the General Accounting Office, this law codified the need to check spending before the fact (Posner, 2009). On or before the first Monday in February, the president is required to submit to Congress a detailed budget request for the coming federal fiscal year (Mikesell, 2011). However, in years where there is a change in administration, the budget is submitted later (Policy Basic, 2011).The budget process is guided by a set of procedures laid out in the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Apfel, 2008). In the last four decades, Congress has reformed its budget process several times (Reischauer, 1990). The major reforms include the 1974 Congressional Budget Act; the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act; and the 1990 Budget Enforcement Act (Heniff, 2001). Prior to the 1974 Congressional Budget Act, Congress did not have a budget process that considered the entire budget, rather it had separate appropriations, tax-writing, and authorization processes (Heniff, 2001).The centerpiece of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 is the requirement that Congress each year develop a â€Å"budget resolution† setting aggregate limits on spending and targets for federal revenue (Policy Basics, 2011). The limits set by the budget resolution, along with a companion â€Å"pay-as-you-go†, apply to all tax or spending legislation developed by individual committees as well as to any amendments offered on the House or Senate floor (Policy Basics, 2011).The federal budget process includes; the President’s annual budget request, the congressional budget resolution, e nforcing the terms of the budget resolution in the House and Senate, and budget reconciliation process (Policy Basics, 2011). The president’s budget is the first step in the complex process of funding the federal government (Yourish Stanton, 2011). As mentioned above, the president is required to submit a detailed budget request for the next fiscal year on or before the first Monday in February.

John Keat`s La Belle Dame Essays - Gothic Fiction,

John Keat`s "La Belle Dame" In "La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad," John Keats, the author, relates feelings of heartache to the reader by using metaphors of somberness and sorrow. The poem is set around a knight's story of how his heart had been broken when he was left by a woman whom he had recently fell in love with. The woman, an apparent succubus, comes to the knight in what seems to be some variation of a dream, and makes love to him. A succubus is known as a demon female evil spirit that comes to Earth and has sexual intercourse with men while they sleep. The knight tells of how they met, their brief courtship and intervening period, and ultimately the end of their erotic episode. Keats uses metaphors to elude to acts of sexuality throughout the entire ballad. At the beginning Keats writes of how a passerby stops to ask a knight why he is walking around so sad and dismal. He tells the knight that he looks pale and flushed as if he had been sweating. The passing stranger wants to know what could be troubling the knight, and what could have him wandering around the edge of the lake in the dead of winter looking so pale and distraught. The knight begins his tale by describing to his listener that he once met a beautiful lady in the meadow. He speaks of how she had long flowing hair, a tall, thin body, and strange eyes, which seemed to have a wild, wild look about them. He exclaims that she must have been the child of a fairy. When they met he made gifts for her, which he crafted from vines and flowers. They included a garland for her head, bracelets for her wrists, and a belt for her to wear around her waist, near her "fragrant zone." Keats uses the term "fragrant zone" to symbolize this woman's sensuality. He refers to this area as being a region which gives forth a seemingly sweet aroma. After the reception of these gifts, the knight and the evil temptress began to kiss and to caress each other. Then the sultry spirit passionately moaned as the he set her atop of his "pacing steed," and they began making love. Their sexual episode stretched over the length of the entire day. They would frequently change positions as she repeated her "fairy's song" of orgasmic pleasure. When the erotic session came to an end, the succubus showed her deceptiveness as she replenished the knight with wild fruits and sweet roots of relish, as if she too were experiencing the irrepressible feelings of affection. She took him to her "elfin grot," and fraudulently wept to him of her sorrows. He gave his best endeavor to comfort her. As they lied upon the hillside, the knight fell off into a seemingly nefarious trance as the lady began to sing to him a beautiful song which set his mind at ease so he would drift off to sleep. The knight tells of the thoughts he had while he lie dreaming on that cold hillside. He said he saw kings, princes, and warriors alike. All were wandering aimlessly, looking distraught and pale. They would cry out, "La bele dame sans merci hath thee in thrall!" Which in translation means, the lovely lady without pity has enslaved thee. What they meant by that was that they too had once been lead astray by the female demon spirit, known as the succubus. When the knight awoke he found himself lying on the cold hillside alone. His lady of the meadow was now gone, and with her she took the poor knight's soul. She left him with nothing other than a feeling of complete emptiness that has haunted him to this day. That could be why the poor knight walks "alone, palely loitering, though the sedge is wither'd from the lake, and no birds sing." Suc-cu-bus ..noun 1. A female demon that was said to descend upon and have sexual intercourse with a man while he is sleeping.